Creating a Second Giant Ecosystem Vivarium

This is Pantdora, my 1,000 gallon cloud rainforest vivarium, a tropical ecosystem within glass.

Its purpose is to observe and study the workings of a wild ecosystem, particularly that of

a lush and humid montane jungle, documenting its epic stories along the way.

But Pantdora is about to get a whole lot bigger!

The idea of creating a second giant vivarium, an ecological extension to Pantdora, connected

by a glass bridge, has been creeping into my consciousness.

And so, I’ve begun the research, by visiting different biomes: a tropical cave, a misty

swamp, a lowland rainforest, a tree top canopy, and grassy plains, to find out what kinds

of life exist in each, and decide what biome type and beasts, I’d like to house in our

second giant ecosystem vivarium.

Welcome to Season 2, Episode 5 of my Ecosystem Vivarium Series, where we attempt to recreate

a slice of Mother Nature within glass, here on the AntsCanada Ant Channel.

Please SUBSCRIBE to the channel, and hit the BELL ICON.

Welcome to the AC Family!

Enjoy!

I began my search for our next vivarium by flying to the tropical Southeast Asian island

of Borneo.

Of all the natural spaces I’ve ever visited in the world, Borneo has by far, proven to

be one of the most biodiverse and mind-blowing, as you, too are about to discover.

Now when most people think of tropical rainforests, the Amazon basin or the African Congo are

usually the first to come to mind, but few people know that the Bornean Rainforest is

over twice as old as the Amazon, and over 150 million years older than the Congo.

As one of the world’s last great bastions of biodiversity, with over 400,000 sq km of

rainforest divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei on the third largest island on

the planet, the number of unique species of plants, trees, mammals, reptiles, insects

and birds in Borneo is immense, and it was here where I decided to begin my study for

our next ecosystem vivarium.

After flying over acres of cloud rainforest, much like our Pantdora, we landed in Sandakan,

Malaysia, to enter the famous Gomantong Caves, and check out all the crazy things I spotted.

The moment I entered the cave entrance, all I could smell was the sharp stench of ammonia.

The swiftlets which were flying all around above, were pooping onto the floor, which

was rotting and the smell made me dizzy.

In this cave, swiftlets, a type of bird, were creating their signature saliva nests, the

main constituent in bird’s nest soup, which as I learned from our guide, was now illegal

to collect in this cave, due to its negative impact to the swiftlet populations.

Anyway, see all those little droplets falling from above?

That’s swiftlet poop, and as it rots on the cave floor, it turns black, forming this

guano which happens to be super rich in nutrients!

I also spotted a little shallow stream with tiny land crabs and a giant millipede.

On the cave walls, I spotted this huge 5-inch centipede that apparently preyed on swiftlet

babies!

Up high at this skylight opening, an orangutan was on the move.

We’d be going up there soon!

Of course, there were also a tonne of sleeping bats everywhere.

As I looked closer at the swiftlet guano, I could see tonnes of roaches eating up edibles

from the guano, and in fact, in these caves, roaches were rampant!

They were literally everywhere!

It blew my mind how roach-infested the caves were.

I learned pretty quickly not to grab the wooden handrails in the dark.

It made me realize how important roaches were in this particular cave ecosystem.

Now, AC Family, brace yourselves because what I spotted next broke my heart.

A baby swiftlet had just fallen from a nest above.

It struggled to move in the guano.

Sadly, according to the guide, as much as every part of me wanted to help it, the best

course of action was to not interfere with nature and leave it be, as this baby bird

would become essential food for predatory animals.

It was a stark reminder that not all aspects of nature are beautiful and heart-warming;

it sometimes can be harsh.

But walking through Gomantong gave me a pretty good idea of how I might want to design and

build a cave ecosystem vivarium if we ever went that route.

The cave environment was cooler, super humid, with some water trickling around everywhere,

a tonne of insects and predators, and not too many plants.

If we were to create a cave ecosystem vivarium, I would want it to have one or two skylights,

to allow some light to enter the habitat, lots of cool rock formations, stalactites,

stalagmites, possibly even limestone or crystal formations, even a water feature of some sort,

but nothing too crazy.

If we were to add plants, they would probably have to be at the cave openings if ever, but

for me, the true beauty of caves, is the hardscape, i.e. the formations of the rocks and all the

neat spaces and niches the animals living in the cave could occupy.

I imagined the incredible cave ambiance possibilities in my mind.

Can you guys imagine a cave ecosystem within a massive tank?

In terms of creatures, we could house some pretty neat animals.

Crabs, giant centipedes, cave-dwelling newts and toads would work; I know a handful of

ant species that would also love a cave environment.

I would also love to find a whipspider, famous cave-dwelling arachnids!

There are other bioilluminescent creatures that inhabit caves, but realistically, I don’t

know where to source them, but wouldn’t that be neat to see these?

Now, let’s talk mammals, I feel a cave would make an excellent natural habitat for mice.

Now, about bats, obviously, a vivarium enclosed by glass is not enough space for bats, but

there are bats in my area, a tonne of them, in fact.

I see them swarming above my pool every dusk, as they hunt for insects.

I wonder if there was a way to connect a cave vivarium to the outside of my home through

a window and somehow get the bats to come into our cave to sleep during the day.

Wouldn’t that juat be epic?

Just day dreaming out loud now.

Anyway, what I did like about the cave concept was that it could also provide a “refugium”

for prey insects.

What’s a refugium?

Well, it’s like an area that animals could seek refuge, hide away, and/or breed protected

from unfavourable conditions or from predators.

A cave with an abundance of secret crevices and tunnels would be a perfect refugium for

prey animals like roaches and crickets, that could hide from predators and keep proliferating

in a cooler space, because guys, before we continue on, there’s a serious issue I need

to address about Pantdora.

It’s been hot, scorching hot in my area, and Pantdora’s ambient temperatures are

designed to be 3 or 4 degrees Celsius lower than outside temperatures where I live.

By the way, in case you’re new, I’m now living in the Southeast Asian tropics where

it’s currently the hottest month of our year.

Have a look at the tropical forest in my yard.

This past week, it got to a whopping 47 degrees Celsius, which is 116.6 F. Super hot and it

has lead to much of the vegetation drying up.

This forest at every other part of the year is lush, green, and dense, but every summer

time, it turns into a dried up, dead, and sparse woodland.

This here is usually a trickling creek, but now, it’s a dried up pathway of clay.

Even the bamboo has shed its leaves to self-preserve amidst the heat.

In the same way that winter is the ‘dead’ season in temperate regions, where I am from,

the summers are the most unfavourable time for life.

It hadn’t rained in my area for what has seemed like months now, but I knew the Rainy

Season was just a few weeks away and with it would come cooler temperatures again in

the Ant Room.

The Ant Room is actually equipped with climate control, and I could very easily set the Ant

Room to be any stable temperature I want, but I haven’t been doing this, because this

would be just me affecting the ecosystem in a way that didn’t follow the natural flow

of the seasons, and I wanted to see how the seasons affected things.

So far, I’ve noticed that some of our asparagus ferns have dried up, the mosses weren’t

as abundant, and a lot of the animals have gone into estivation, hiding deep underground

to escape the heat, while others like our once abundant crickets have stopped breeding

all together and have since disappeared from our rainforest.

This was a concern because a lot of our predators depended on the continuous swarms of crickets

for food.

And so, as a temporary solution to the heat, I decided to add a new generation of crickets.

Sadly, due to the heat, some crickets had died during transport, but the crickets that

did survive immediately began to integrate into Pantdora.

They swept across the forest floor, and began munching on vegetation, ferns, dead mosses,

and decaying materials.

With the crickets being absent in the rainforest for some time, the plants had greatly overgrown

so I was happy to see them doing their great work at feeding on the veg.

Gravid females immediately began to lay their eggs into the soft soils.

But as for the dead crickets, the stench of the carcasses brought some other creatures

out of hiding: Roaches!

Just like we saw in Gomantong, the roaches had come to do their handy work and feast!

They were not about to allow these decaying crickets go to waste, nor allow the soil creatures

to take them.

Gnome ants also appeared on the scene to feed on the crickets but it looked like they were

going to wait to simply collect the leftover body parts discarded by the roaches.

The roaches themselves were so savage as they devoured the dead crickets cum gusto.

Some roaches were so eager, they began to squabble and fight over the dead crickets,

like hungry, flesh-drunken hyenas over wildebeest cadavers.

What a sight to behold!

In the night, the female crickets continued to lay their eggs into the soft, fertile soils

of Pantdora.

I was happy to know this ensured a future generation of crickets to come, but this was

just a temporary solution that still didn’t address the main problem: the heat which was

affecting the crickets’ breeding cycles.

This is what I mean when I said having a cooler cave vivarium attached to Pantdora, would

prove to be a well-needed refugium for the crickets.

Suddenly, I spotted someone emerging for the hunt.

In the shadows behind the rock wall, I spotted Lady Deathstrike, a huntsman spider that I

recently discovered was not dead like I had initially thought, but that’s one long and

crazy story I covered in the last episode.

She sat still, over the waters of our blackwater pond, in which the guppies were swimming around

feeding on suspended edibles in the waters.

Now speaking of blackwater, it’s time to cover the next possible biome for our giant

vivarium.

Continuing on our trek in Borneo, I embarked on a private guided trip through the swamps

of the Kinabatangan River.

Let me tell you, this was probably one of the most nerve-racking experiences of my life,

because these waters were apparently infested with crocodiles.

Why our boat was so close to the water, I don’t know, but anyway, I immediately noticed

the lush jungle that was literally growing on all sides of the river, inside the water,

which by the way was super murky, kind of like Pantdora’s Aqua Noctis.

Check out the sounds of this Bornean Swamp!

We spotted long-tailed macaque monkeys in the trees, and check out how beautiful the

new morning sun looked across the waters.

For awhile, I almost forgot there were crocs in these waters, and sat back to enjoy the

swampy ambiance.

Come enjoy it with me!

Eventually, a huge mist covered the river which apparently made things a bit dangerous

for us, so we turned on the motor and moved on to another location.

That was when we turned into an inlet which suddenly made me feel like we were in prehistoric

times.

It was literally like we had entered Jurassic Park, and it was super spooky!

The whole time, I made sure to look around for crocs!

We were also told that this was the elusive Pygmy Elephant territory and spotting them

was like spotting a unicorn, so I looked out for them, as well.

But suddenly, we hit a clogging of dead leaves and branches, and my heart began to race.

Somehow I felt getting stuck made us an easy target for giant crocodiles, and it worried

me greatly.

Eventually, we managed to push through the clogging and entered the most incredible inlet,

where once again, there was this amazing degree of tranquillity and a hybrid feeling of eerie

placidity that was both calming and spooky all at once.

I studied the landscape and assessed how I might be able to replicate such an awesome

environment like this in a giant vivarium.

I asked to look at the floating plant life, and I spotted massive floating islands of

hyacinth and moss.

Some of these floating islands were pretty thick and were ideal habitat for amphibians

like these cool frogs.

Heading back, I was sad that the team and I didn’t spot any pygmy elephants on this

day, but I was kind of glad we didn’t spot any crocs, as some guy had apparently lost

an arm the week before while doing his laundry in the river.

I was quite happy to head back to our camp!

So, let’s talk about swamps!

I’ve had lots of experience with creating aquatic systems in the past, but I knew if

we chose to do something that was largely aquatic, it would require above average maintenance,

i.e. filters, possibly fertilizers and CO2 canisters, which is kind of against the concept

of creating an ecosystem, but even in a massive tank, it still isn’t enough space to create

the self-regulating conditions of a wild swamp.

In the wild, for instance, naturally dissolved CO2 which is needed by the aquatic plants,

comes from ancient decayed vegetation deep in the ground.

There was no way to provide such a system in a tank, other than through CO2 canisters.

Plus an entire swamp is essentially its own filter, which in a tank would have to substituted

by way of an actual external filter or sump, plus water changes, especially when adding

aquatic animals.

So, maintenance and human interferance in a swamp vivarium would be quite high.

Let’s talk creatures.

Obviously, not many ants can survive in this swamp environment, so no ants, nor can it

really act as a refugium for terrestrial prey insects.

A swamp ecosystem would be mostly fish, aquatic snails, aquatic insects, pretty much the things

in Aqua Noctis now, and perhaps just like in the Kinabatangan River, crocodilians.

Guys, this is a dwarf caiman, and though they are called “dwarf”, make no mistake, there

is nothing dwarf about them, as they grow to up to 5 or 6 feet in length at full size.

But, as a baby, a dwarf caiman could be housed in our swamp ecosystem.

They grow about 4 or 5 inches per year, which means we could house a baby caiman for a while

in the vivarium, before it would need to be relocated to my 60 foot outdoor pond and sunken

garden.

One thing to consider though is that a caiman feeds on insects, fish, amphibians, and anything

else it can fit into its mouth.

It’s actually considered to be what is called a “keystone species”, which means it has

a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance, and

in the case of our vivarium, it would mean that no other creature would be able to share

the tank with it for very long.

Maybe some fish that it deems too small to eat, and perhaps some snails, but it would

pretty much gobble up any frog, newt, or fish large enough to eat.

If ever, Pantdora might act as a refugium for the caiman’s prey.

But if we didn’t house a dwarf caiman, we could possibly go with aquaphilic lizards

like chinese water dragons which are super cute, aquatic snakes that prey on fish and

frogs, or even turtles as an alternative.

Oh and, by the way, a snapping turtle is pretty much in the same boat as a caiman, I’m afraid.

So what do you guys think about a swamp ecosystem vivarium?

I spotted Smaug and Daenerys, our two sun skinks basking together atop the rock wall.

I watched as Smaug descended into the lowlands to hunt for the new crickets that had been

released into Pantdora.

Daenerys watched quietly from above.

Unlike much of the other hibernating Pantdoran creatures, these sun skinks loved the heat.

In fact, their species was pretty versatile, inhabiting both montane cloud rainforests

like Pantdora, as well as the hotter lowland rainforests, which brings me now to our third

possible biome for vivarium.

Exploring the lowland rainforests of Borneo was something I was excited about again because

it was an ancient natural space, 140 million years old ancient, making the lowland Bornean

rainforest one of the oldest in the world!

The lowland Bornean rainforest is home to over 15,000 species of flowering plants, 3,000

species of trees, 221 species of terrestrial animals, and 420 species of birds.

But the forest was full of danger.

Check out this Nibong palm tree covered in spines that if spiked, cause a human to go

numb and the only way to heal from it is through surgery.

I had to be careful in these unfriendly wild forests!

I immediately spotted sun skinks in the leaf litter, little Smaugs and Dens running around.

The insects were mindblowing!

There were a tonne of ants, including this giant forest ant.

Look at how huge it was!

On a tree, these cool lantern bugs were hanging out trying to blend in.

We also came across this cool trail of termites swarming in broad daylight.

At first, I thought the termites were foraging for food, but as I looked closer, they were

carrying little babies which probably meant they were relocating nests, or perhaps a nomadic

species of termite?

I didn’t know.

We used a black light to spot a huge forest scorpion hiding in a log.

In this murky pond, I spotted a mudskipper trying to hide from my camera.

The forest was also full of mushrooms for days!

Now this was super cool!

Looking into this telescope, I spotted the entrance to a hive of stingless bees.

Yup, bees that lack a stinger.

In Southeast Asia and parts of South America, there exist species of bees that don’t have

stingers, and to me seem more like flying ants.

I actually just installed a few stingless bee hives this week on my own property for

the pollination of my fruits and veggies, but also for their delicious honey.

The locals allowed me to sample the honey harvested from these stingless bees, and I

find it tastes tangy and is more syrupy than traditional honeybee honey.

The stingless bees themselves are top pollinators in the rainforests in which they live.

I’ve been flirting with the idea of adding a stingless bee hive into a vivarium, but

it would necessarily mean we would need to connect a tube from the vivarium to the outside

of my home for the bees to forage.

In the rainforest, we also spotted a variety of neat agamid lizards, a tonne of snakes

like this tree viper.

We also ran into this huge water monitor.

Hi, buddy!

And came across some very interesting mammals like this flying lemur, and this Sun Bear.

But perhaps the most interesting encounter in the Bornean Lowland Rainforest were these

- Orangutan!

I literally froze and hid in a little corner when I spotted this fellow moving around in

the branches, but our tour guide mentioned the Orangutan here don’t really fear people,

which was interesting.

In fact, along our trail we spotted this fellow munching nonchalantly on some fruit.

I thought based on its appearance that it was a female, but apparently it was male,

just not an alpha male, which grows that signature huge “alpha face” we all know that results

from alpha hormones.

It was unreal to be just a few steps away from such an incredible animal, but I didn’t

even see it as an animal, because it was so human-like.

And then the unthinkable, the orangutan crawled down and headed our way and our guide told

our caravan to just remain calm and stand back.

What a crazy experience!

Orangutans, the world’s largest arboreal animals, which were at one point widespread

throughout Southeast Asia and China, were now critically endangered, only found on the

two islands of Sumatra and Borneo.

Their decline in numbers have been due to a drastic loss of habitat.

I truly hoped local conservation efforts would eventually help the orangutan populations

bounce back, because they were such beautiful great apes.

Primates were chilling everywhere, including this male proboscis monkey, named after its

huge nose.

Cool right?

So, if we were to recreate a lowland rainforest, I think it would essentially be like a warmer

and less humid Pantdora, less mosses and more plant-life, and more flora and fauna that

prefer warmer and drier conditions.

Now, one idea that I’ve been contemplating is the incorporation of primates.

A breeder of marmosets, a type of tiny monkey, has been offering a pair to me.

These marmosets are not wild-caught but are captive-bred pets, and I have been researching

their care for years now.

The minimum enclosure size requirement for a pair of marmosets is allegedly 6 ft tall

by 3 ft deep by 6 ft wide.

This already means that Pantdora is larger than the minimum required space for a pair

of marmosets, but you guys already know, we don’t do ‘minimum’ here on this channel.

Behold my giant three story aviary, which currently houses a variety of song birds and

the space is naturally landscaped with trees, vines, and branches.

So, one option I could do is house a pair of marmosets in my giant three story home

aviary full-time, and on the days I film, release them for playtime into our vivarium,

kind of like an ecosystem event, where a pair of marmosets descend into our plot of lowland

rainforest to interact with the ecosystem and do their thing.

This of course would require me to tame the marmosets to come down to me when it is time

for vivarium playtime.

We’ll see.

Primates are an important player in ecosystems, as they are significant frugivores, which

means they eat fruit and thereby assist in the distribution of seeds of plants and trees.

They also eat plenty of insects and small creatures and I think it might be interesting

to learn more about them.

Anyway, let me know what you guys think?

The vines of Pantdora have begun to bloom so beautifully and the stunning look of their

dainty buds and tendrils made the canopy of Pantdora look awesome!

It was then that I spotted, a movement in the canopy’s ferns.

It was a carpenter ant!

Awesome!

The carpenter ants which usually forage at night had decided to wake up early to forage

the canopy for food.

The carpenter ants were on a very special mission here.

They were licking up sweet honeydew extruded by the mealybugs which were squirting it everywhere.

It’s no wonder in Australia, these ants are known as sugar ants, as they definitely

have a sweet tooth!

Carpenter ants, belong to a very widespread and diverse genus of ant called Camponotus,

and these ants here are a species of tropical carpenter ant that I introduced into Pantdora

some time ago.

I was happy to see them still around and doing well.

It seems these carpenter ants have formed a truce with the usually war-thirsty acrobat

ants, the Cremato Blasters, which were also foraging the ferns for the exact same reason.

I was also quite happy and amazed at how much life and action was going on in the Pantdoran

canopy.

Which brings me now to our fourth biome.

From the lowland rainforest, we climbed a cool set of stairs to this awesome walkway

up high in the rainforest canopy, and you would think that there wouldn’t be much

action up here, but I was surprised by some of the creatures we spotted up in the treetops.

First of all the craziest massive leaves were all around us.

We spotted some wild figs, yes, the fruit found on charcuterie boards paired with wine.

I spotted some cool ants like this spiny ant, and check this out!

A giant centipede that at first I found cool, but it suddenly jumped at my face, and thus

was born a newfound personal phobia of centipedes!

There were a tonne of spiders up here including this beautiful jumping spider, and this which

looks like an ant, but is actually a beetle mimicking an ant.

Spending time up in the canopy got my imagination going.

Imagine if we could cut an opening along the top of Pantdora and then create a glass bridge

up through that glass floor piece which would be removed, ascending up to the second floor

of the Ant Room into a large vivarium with a variety of bonsai trees or shrubs with broad

leaves or that bear fruit.

Our vines and branches could wind up the glass bridge from Pantdora to this upper Canopy

Vivarium where creatures and perhaps even marmosets could enjoy being in the treetops.

It would also act as a refugium for some insects, like our late Stanley the bush cricket, or

our late Green Reaper, the praying mantis, both of whom I still suspect were killed by

our male sun skink Smaug.

A canopy vivarium would create an effective safe space from our mostly ground-dwelling

reptilian apex predators.

Possible fauna we could house in a canopy vivarium are some of my favourite ants, weaver

ants, which create their awesome leaf basket nests in trees, using silk produced by their

larvae.

I believe weaver ants would do amazing in a tree top canopy vivarium, and would simply

descend into Pantdora to forage.

Another creature I’ve been thinking of incorporating, is a dormouse, known in the pet trade as a

microsquirrel.

These arboreal rodents might also be a neat addition, as they forage the tree tops and

grounds for seeds, nuts, grains, fruit, insects, and other such edibles.

They form nests up high in trees, which would be so neat to observe in a canopy vivarium.

So, what do you guys think of a Canopy Ecosystem Vivarium?

The death of Rocksteady, our late male rhino beetle was a sad loss for those of us following

Pantdora’s story.

But, I promised that I had a surprise for you guys, and here they were.

One, two, and three.

The hot season has caused an abundance of these coconut rhino beetles in my area, a

different species from what Rocksteady was, with smaller horns and a more indented exoskeleton,

but all three coconut rhino beetles that I managed to find were males.

I was still in the process of looking for a female so we could really appreciate their

rhino beetle behaviours and hopefully catch the males wrestling for territory and breeding

rites.

The rhino beetles immediately took to ground and burrowed.

Though nobody could replace our Rocksteady, these coconut rhino beetles were an interesting

new addition to our rainforest.

But as I looked towards the back of Pantdora, I noticed a large grass plant had sprung out

from the ground.

I was pretty sure this was from one of the seeds collected when the Terra Raiders, our

marauder ants were still around.

They have since disappeared from our rainforest due to either the heat or mites.

But speaking of grasses, this brings me now to our fifth and final possible biome for

an ecosystem vivarium.

I believe most of us have been to some kind of grassland or open field and know what it’s

like.

It’s full of tonnes of life, including reptiles like snakes, lizards, and even tortoises,

amphibians, mammals like moles and rodents, as well as insects.

I flew to Sydney, Australia awhile back and checked out one of my all time favourite ants

- bull ants, on which I did a video on this channel.

I think a grassland vivarium would be totally unique, and as far ants go, and I know a tonne

of local ant species that would love an open, grassy field vivarium, including our Meranoplus

bicolor colony, which by the way is still doing well.

It would also act as an incredible refugium for grasshoppers and crickets.

The only challenge I have regarding this option, is that such a vivarium requires a tonne of

light.

Most grasses require full sunlight and that is generally hard to mimic in captivity.

I would also need to continually keep planting new grasses as the mature ones were eaten.

Though challenging, a grassy plains vivarium might prove to be quite neat and insightful.

And so, these are the 5 possible vivarium ideas for our next ecosystem.

It will be a few months still before we actually build and launch our second vivarium, but

what I need to know at this stage is which of the five vivariums you feel will be the

most beneficial to learning and insights on the natural world - Cave, Swamp, Lowland Rainforest,

Canopy, or Grassland?

I feel for a better understanding of our 1,000 gallon plot of cloud rainforest of Pantdora,

we must also understand its relationship to adjacent ecosystems, where flora and fauna

can migrate to, seek refuge, and/or establish new populations, if needed.

A second vivarium expansion is our inevitable next logical step.

Now if you are watching these videos from a television, which by the way, I believe

to be the best way to enjoy these videos, when you get a chance, please kindly hop onto

your mobile or desktop and visit the community tab on my youtube page to VOTE for your favourite

biome option for our second giant ecosystem vivarium.

I have a couple polls there for me to pick your brains, and help me decide on the future

course of our hugely important biological project.

Currently, CAVE seems to be the leading vote, but that’s only based on over a hundred

thousand votes.

If each of you watching casts your vote in the polls, the results can still be changed

significantly, so let me know what you think in the votes.

Do also let me know your opinions in the comments of this video and UPVOTE those comments you

agree with so I see them.

It will help me with my final decision as to which biome we ultimately choose to go

with.Thank you all for being part of this exciting, biological journey of discovery

and ongoing story of our giant cloud rainforest of Pantdora.