16 Rogerian Argument Audience

J Lionel
7 May 202416:52

Summary

TLDR视频脚本中,Dr. KP教授讨论了罗里安论证法,特别是与受众相关的论证。他强调了在写作论证性文章时,引入对立观点的重要性,并在表达自己观点之前陈述这些观点。Dr. KP通过举例说明如何在文章中尊重并回应反对意见,然后提出自己的论点。他还讨论了寻找共同点的重要性,以建立与不同意自己的人的联系。通过分析不同的文本和广告,Dr. KP展示了如何识别并针对特定的受众群体进行写作。视频最后,他总结了罗里安论证法的结构,并鼓励学生在课程中练习这种方法。

Takeaways

  • 📚 课程中将学习如何写罗里安论证(Roarian argument),这是一种包含对立观点的论证方式。
  • 💌 讲师Dr. KP鼓励学生通过电子邮件提出问题或评论,以帮助改进课程。
  • 🤔 在罗里安论证中,首先介绍主题,然后提出并陈述反对者的观点,最后表达并支持自己的观点。
  • 🗣️ 理解受众(audience)对于论证至关重要,需要找到共同点以有效沟通。
  • 👥 受众是不同意你观点的人,通过共同语言和对词汇意义的共识来建立联系。
  • 📝 写作时,受众是阅读你作品的人,目标是让他们从中获得新信息和新观点。
  • 🌐 寻找共同点是建立与不同意者之间共识的关键,例如健康和疾病的概念。
  • 📚 通过分析课程中的写作样本,学习如何识别和理解受众。
  • 📖 通过分析历史文献,了解不同作者如何明确他们的受众并与之沟通。
  • 📈 广告也是一种论证形式,它试图说服受众购买或喜欢某个产品。
  • 🔍 在论证中考虑受众的观点,尊重地表达他们的看法,然后提出自己的观点,并在文章结尾寻求共同点。

Q & A

  • 什么是罗杰式辩论?

    -罗杰式辩论是一种写作方法,要求在阐述自己的观点之前,先介绍反对的观点,并尝试找到共同点。

  • 在罗杰式辩论中,为什么了解受众很重要?

    -了解受众很重要,因为只有理解受众的观点和价值观,才能找到共同点,有效地沟通和说服他们。

  • 什么是“共同点”概念?

    -“共同点”是指在交流中双方可以达成一致的基础,像是对某些基本概念或价值观的认同,比如健康是好的,疾病是不好的。

  • 如何确定受众?

    -可以通过明确受众的特征、兴趣和背景来确定受众。例如,某篇文章的受众可能是有宗教信仰的父母,这在文章开头会明确指出。

  • 什么是托尔曼辩论模型中的“论证依据”?

    -“论证依据”是托尔曼辩论模型中的一部分,它是支持论点的理由,连接论点和支持的信念。

  • 克里斯托弗·哥伦布在信中写给谁?

    -哥伦布在信中写给一位尊敬的男子,这个人了解哥伦布的航行并希望其成功,同时与哥伦布和国王、王后有共同的宗教信仰。

  • 1822年佩萨罗写信的受众是谁?

    -佩萨罗写信的受众是美国总统,他请求总统停止白人进入他们的社区并改变他们的文化。

  • 哈丽特·雅各布斯的书是写给谁的?

    -哈丽特·雅各布斯的书是写给自由的女性,她们是母亲,过着幸福的生活,与奴隶制中的女性形成对比。

  • 1974年克莱斯勒广告的受众是谁?

    -1974年克莱斯勒广告的受众是那些希望拥有奢华和舒适汽车的成功人士,他们认为自己应得这辆车。

  • 弗吉尼亚斯利姆斯香烟广告的受众是谁?

    -弗吉尼亚斯利姆斯香烟广告的受众是现代进步的女性,她们想要苗条的香烟,觉得自己已经取得了很大进步。

  • 在课堂上进行罗杰式辩论的步骤是什么?

    -首先介绍你的主题,然后表达受众的观点,尊重地阐述他们的看法,接着陈述你自己的观点,最后在两种观点之间寻找共同点。

Outlines

00:00

📚 罗瑞安论证法与观众分析

Dr. KP在视频中讲解了罗瑞安论证法,特别强调了在论证过程中考虑观众的重要性。他提到,论证不仅仅是提出自己的观点,还要考虑反对意见,并在文章中明确表达出来。例如,在讨论人工智能对人类的影响时,应该先提出反对意见,然后再陈述自己的观点。Dr. KP强调了找到与观众的共同点的重要性,以便更有效地与他们沟通。他还提到了在写作中识别观众的重要性,并以自己的电子邮件作为与观众互动的例子。

05:01

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 确定写作对象:迪士尼电影的观众

在第二段中,Dr. KP通过分析一篇关于迪士尼电影的文章来展示如何识别和理解写作的观众。文章作者John Evans在1995年表达了对迪士尼电影的负面看法,并明确指出他的文章是写给30岁以上的、信仰上帝的、对迪士尼电影感兴趣的父母。通过这种方式,作者能够更精确地针对特定的观众群体,从而更有效地传达他的观点。

10:04

📜 历史文献中的观众分析

第三段中,Dr. KP通过分析历史文献来进一步探讨观众的概念。他首先提到了哥伦布的信件,哥伦布在信中向一个地位较高的人汇报了他的航海成功,这个人可能是国王和王后的代表,并对哥伦布的航海任务表示支持。接着,Dr. KP分析了一位名叫Pesaro的美洲原住民的信件,这封信是写给美国总统的,请求白人不要进入他们的社区并试图改变他们的文化。通过这些例子,Dr. KP展示了如何根据写作的目的和内容来确定观众。

15:06

🚗 广告中的观众定位

在第四段中,Dr. KP讨论了广告如何通过定位特定的观众群体来传达其信息。他分析了几个不同的广告案例,包括1974年的克莱斯勒汽车广告,该广告针对的是寻求豪华和舒适感的成功人士;弗吉尼亚香烟广告,其目标是现代、追求苗条的女性;米其林轮胎广告,强调了父母对儿童安全的关心;以及针对男性的帝国威士忌广告。这些广告通过不同的语言和视觉元素来吸引特定的观众,展示了在广告中识别和理解目标观众的重要性。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡罗亚里安论证

罗亚里安论证是一种论证方法,要求在提出自己的观点之前,先介绍并尊重反对意见。视频中提到,在写作罗亚里安论证时,需要先介绍主题,然后包括反对者的观点,即那些不同意你的人的观点,然后再陈述自己的观点。例如,如果主张人工智能对人类有益,那么在论证之前,会先提到有人认为人工智能对人类不利。

💡观众

观众是指在沟通或写作过程中接收信息的人。视频中强调,观众对于理解论证非常重要,因为他们是不同意你观点的人。为了有效地与他们沟通,需要找到共同点,使用他们能理解的语言,并在更深层次上达成对词汇含义的共识。

💡共同点

共同点是指在对话或写作中,与对方能够达成一致的概念或价值观。视频中提到,找到共同点是与不同意自己的人建立联系的关键,例如,健康通常被认为好,疾病被认为不好,通过这些共识可以逐步与对方建立更多的一致性。

💡论证

论证是一种逻辑推理过程,旨在支持或证明一个主张或观点。视频中通过讨论罗亚里安论证,解释了论证的基本结构,包括主张(你相信的事情)、支持(为什么你相信它)和担保(连接主张和支持的信念)。

💡迪士尼电影

视频中提到了一篇关于迪士尼电影的文章,作者John Evans在1995年表达了他认为迪士尼电影不好的观点,并提供了多种支持这一观点的理由。这个例子用来说明如何在论证中识别并明确自己的观众。

💡克里斯托弗·哥伦布

克里斯托弗·哥伦布是15世纪的探险家,以发现美洲大陆而闻名。视频中引用了他的一封信,这封信是他在返回欧洲途中写的,向某个尊敬的人报告他的发现。这个例子用来说明如何识别信件的观众。

💡佩萨罗

佩萨罗是一位美洲原住民,他在1822年写了一封信,表达了对白人进入他的领地并试图影响他们的担忧。视频中通过这封信来展示如何识别信件的观众,并理解作者的观点和情感。

💡哈丽雅特·雅各布斯

哈丽雅特·雅各布斯是一位在1861年出版了关于她作为奴隶经历的书的作者。视频中引用了她书中的一部分,她向幸福的自由女性描述了作为奴隶的女性的生活。这个例子用来展示作者如何针对特定的观众群体写作。

💡广告

广告是一种说服人们购买或喜欢某物的论证形式。视频中分析了几个不同的广告,展示了它们如何通过语言和图片来支持它们的主张,并试图识别每个广告的目标观众。

💡米其林轮胎

米其林轮胎的广告是视频中的一个例子,广告中使用了婴儿坐在轮胎旁边的形象来传达安全性的重要性。这个例子用来说明广告如何针对关心孩子安全的家长这一特定观众群体。

Highlights

Dr. KP 将讨论关于罗杰里安论证(Roarian argument)和观众(audience)的重要性。

罗杰里安论证中,引入对立观点是关键步骤,需要在表达自己观点前先陈述反对者立场。

在论证过程中,理解观众是至关重要的,尤其是那些不同意你观点的人。

寻找共同点(common ground)是与反对者建立沟通桥梁的关键。

观众可以是阅读你文章的人,他们期待从中获得新信息和新观点。

在写作中,明确观众的身份对于有效沟通至关重要。

Tolman模型论证中,论点(claim)、支持(support)和保证(warrant)是构建论证的三个要素。

John Evans 在1995年的文章中认为迪士尼电影对孩子有害,并提供了多种支持。

Evans 在文章开头明确指出了他的目标读者群体:30岁以上、信仰上帝的父母。

克里斯托弗·哥伦布在发现新大陆后写信给一个高位人士,分享他的发现。

哥伦布的信件表明他写作的对象是支持他的经济和宗教使命的高位人士。

Pesaro 在1822年写信给美国总统,请求停止白人进入他的领地。

Harriet Jacobs 在1861年出版的书籍中,向自由的女性描述了奴隶女性的生活。

广告也是一种论证形式,旨在说服消费者购买或喜欢某个产品。

1974年克莱斯勒广告针对的是寻求豪华、舒适和满足感的成功人士。

弗吉尼亚苗条香烟广告针对的是现代、进步的女性,强调香烟的苗条设计。

米其林轮胎广告通过展示婴儿与轮胎,明确其目标观众是关心孩子安全的家长。

帝国威士忌广告直接针对男性消费者,强调其为真正的男人所设计的威士忌。

在课程中,学生将学习如何进行罗杰里安论证,包括介绍主题、表达观众观点、陈述自己的观点,并寻求共同点。

Transcripts

00:01

hello again I'm Dr KP and today we're

00:03

going to be talking about roarian

00:05

argument and specifically audience with

00:08

respect to that but before we get to it

00:10

as always there's my email address

00:12

aaronin gmail.com please email me if you

00:14

have any questions or comments about the

00:16

course it always helps me to hear from

00:20

you so roarian argument we will be

00:23

writing a roarian argument in this

00:25

course and that means after you

00:28

introduce your topic you will include

00:30

the opposing view people who don't agree

00:33

with you you'll make you'll state that

00:35

position before going on to State your

00:38

view okay so for example if you want to

00:40

say that uh AI is helpful for Humanity

00:45

then you might say I understand some

00:48

people think AI will not be helpful to

00:50

humanity they believe it's going to be a

00:52

disaster for example here's a quotation

00:56

of someone saying that and then after

00:58

that in the essay you say uh that's

01:01

that's reasonable I can understand why

01:02

people would say that nevertheless I

01:05

still think AI will be good for Humanity

01:08

and then you make your normal argument

01:10

okay so in that process the idea of

01:14

audience the person who you're talking

01:16

to is very important they're the people

01:18

who don't agree with you and so you need

01:20

to make sure that you talk to them in a

01:23

way that they understand and that that

01:26

anchors on this concept of common ground

01:30

that we've talked about already uh and

01:32

the fact that whenever we're

01:34

communicating in talking like I'm doing

01:37

right now or in writing there is you

01:40

who's doing the talking or the writing

01:42

and then there's the person who's

01:43

hearing you or reading what you're

01:46

writing and that is the audience so

01:48

you're going to be writing essays in the

01:50

course uh your audience is the person

01:52

who's reading it and you should want

01:55

that person to get new information and

01:58

new ideas from what you're writing okay

02:02

but the important thing is to be able to

02:04

find common ground with that person you

02:06

need to be speaking the same language

02:08

for example and then have an agreement

02:11

on what the words mean in the language

02:14

but also a larger sense of what the

02:17

words mean if I say for example Health

02:21

we know what it means but then do we

02:23

also have a larger sort of value about

02:26

health like could we all agree that

02:28

health is good for example okay and if I

02:32

say sickness we know what it means and

02:34

then we also have a sense or a feeling

02:38

that that's bad right so we want to find

02:41

these things that we can agree on health

02:42

is good sickness is bad and in this way

02:46

we can build more and more agreement

02:48

with people who disagree with us on in

02:51

some areas and that's common ground so

02:55

in order to think about common ground

02:58

and audience then we'll pay attention to

03:02

some of the uh writing from the course

03:05

that we've already looked at and then

03:07

look at some new writing and talk about

03:09

the audience in this writing so earlier

03:12

when um I did a video about um the

03:16

Tolman model of argument remember and we

03:18

talked about warrants uh that when you

03:22

have an argument you have the claim is

03:24

the thing that you believe and then the

03:25

support is the reason why you believe

03:27

that and the warrant is the the belief

03:30

that links those first two things

03:32

together um and we looked at this

03:36

article about Disney films John Evans

03:38

writing a long time ago in 1995 said he

03:41

thought Disney films are bad so that's

03:44

his claim Disney films are bad and then

03:46

he gave a lot of supports talking about

03:49

different movies to prove that Disney

03:51

films were bad and some of his warrants

03:54

the reasons why he thought they were bad

03:57

maybe we wouldn't agree with like for

03:59

example he said this movie is bad it

04:02

shows a Hindu religion so he just simply

04:06

believed that children shouldn't see

04:08

movies that have Hindu religion in them

04:11

and not everyone might agree with that

04:13

point But at the beginning of his essay

04:15

he doesn't do one thing that's useful is

04:18

he identifies his audience very clearly

04:21

so let's go back and we'll read the

04:23

beginning of that essay about Disney

04:25

movies and I think it'll be clear who is

04:28

the who are the people that he's writing

04:32

for many of today's over 30 adults who

04:35

grew up on a diet of Disney movies are

04:37

now responsible god-honoring parents

04:41

they want their children to experience

04:42

the same magic in films and videos that

04:45

they once

04:47

enjoyed okay so he's writing for people

04:51

who are interested in Disney movies he

04:54

says directly there are over 30

04:58

adults and they parents now so he's

05:01

writing to parents who are interested in

05:04

Disney movies who also are god-honoring

05:06

they believe in God so he's very

05:09

specific he's writing to parents who

05:11

like Disney movies are over 30 years old

05:15

they have children and they believe in

05:18

God that's who he's writing for okay now

05:21

let's take a look at some different

05:23

texts some historical ones that are

05:25

important uh in American literature or

05:28

influential on it this first person here

05:31

is Christopher Columbus we all know in

05:35

1492 he sailed West from uh Europe from

05:39

Spain and discovered the North American

05:42

continent for Europeans other people

05:45

already knew that North America was

05:47

there because people were living there

05:49

but Europe did not know about it and

05:51

Christopher Columbus discovered North

05:54

America for the Europeans uh he went

05:57

over with three ships and on the the way

06:00

back he wrote a letter the ships

06:02

probably looked something like this this

06:04

is an old map but it's not this many

06:07

ships he only had three because remember

06:09

he's going on this adventure and he's

06:11

not very sure where he's going but as

06:14

he's going back home to Europe he writes

06:16

a letter to somebody there let's read

06:20

what how the letter begins and we'll try

06:23

to imagine who is the audience of

06:25

Christopher Columbus here so this letter

06:27

was written at C on a ship at

06:31

Sea

06:32

sir as I know that you will be pleased

06:35

at the great Victory with which our Lord

06:38

has crowned my Voyage I write this to

06:40

you from which you will learn how in 33

06:43

days I passed from the Canary Islands to

06:45

the Indies with the fleet which the most

06:48

illustrious king and queen our

06:49

sovereigns gave to me and there I found

06:54

very many islands filled with people

06:56

innumerable and of them all I have taken

06:59

possession for their highnesses by

07:01

proclamation made and with a Royal

07:03

Standard unfurled and no opposition was

07:06

offered to

07:07

me okay so who do you think Columbus was

07:10

writing to he says sir so it's probably

07:14

a man a well respected

07:16

man this sir will be pleased so this is

07:20

someone who knows about Columbus's

07:22

journey and wants Columbus to

07:25

succeed this person also shares our Lord

07:28

they are both religious people they're

07:30

both

07:32

Christians and they also share the most

07:34

illustrious king and queen our

07:38

sovereigns so this actually Columbus is

07:41

writing to someone in a high position

07:44

underneath the king and queen who is

07:47

supporting this uh Mission that's an

07:50

economic one and a religious Mission as

07:54

well here is someone from um North

07:58

America Native American named pesaro and

08:02

in

08:03

1822 he wrote a letter about white

08:06

people coming into his territory so

08:09

after Columbus discovered North America

08:12

for the Europeans many Europeans started

08:15

going to North America they were

08:17

arriving in the East part of the United

08:19

States and the more and more people

08:21

arrived the more the the people in the

08:24

East pushed to the West more and more

08:27

they moved West toward California in the

08:30

direction of California and as they did

08:32

so they pushed out more and more Native

08:36

Americans and so by 1822 now pesaro is

08:40

being affected he's not in the East he's

08:43

in the middle part of the United States

08:46

and he writes this letter asking that

08:49

white men please stop coming into our

08:51

community and trying to influence us so

08:54

let's read it and we'll try to figure

08:56

out who is the audience of this letter

09:01

it is too soon my great father to send

09:04

those good men among us we are not

09:07

starving yet we wish you to permit us to

09:10

enjoy the chase until the game of our

09:13

country is exhausted until the wild

09:15

animals become extinct let us exhaust

09:19

our present resources before you make us

09:21

toil and interrupt our happiness let me

09:25

continue to live as I have done and

09:28

after I have passed to the good or evil

09:30

spirit from off the Wilderness of my

09:32

present life the subsistence of my

09:35

children may become so precarious as to

09:37

need and embrace the assistance of those

09:40

good

09:41

people okay so we see pesaro is writing

09:45

to someone he calls my great father and

09:48

he's saying please permit us and let us

09:52

so the great father can control pesaro

09:57

and permit or not permit let or not let

10:01

and also the great father will make them

10:03

toil and interrupt their

10:06

happiness pesaro says before you make us

10:10

toil and interrupt our

10:12

happiness let us continue to be hunters

10:16

and live the life that we've lived so

10:18

far pedar is writing this to the

10:21

president of the United States saying

10:23

please stop sending white men into our

10:26

community to try to change our culture

10:29

just allow me my generation to live the

10:33

way that we have been and I know my

10:36

children will not be able to do this

10:38

they must live your kind of life but

10:41

before you interrupt our happiness

10:43

please just allow my generation to Die

10:46

the way that we were

10:49

born here is another American Harriet

10:53

Jacobs who published a book in

10:55

1861 she was a slave when she was a girl

10:59

and she published a book about her

11:01

experiences as a slave let's read part

11:04

of that and we'll try to see who is she

11:06

writing

11:07

for oh you happy free women contrast

11:11

your New Year's Day with that of the

11:13

poor Bond woman with you it is a

11:16

pleasant season and the light of the day

11:18

is blessed friendly wishes meet you

11:21

everywhere and gifts are showered upon

11:23

you even hearts that have been estranged

11:26

from you soften at this season and lips

11:29

that have been silent excuse me lips

11:31

that have been silent Echo back I wish

11:34

you a happy New

11:35

Year children bring their little

11:37

offerings and raise their Rosy lips for

11:39

a caress they are your own and no hand

11:43

but that of death can take them from

11:46

you obviously we can see she's writing

11:48

to the Happy free women because she was

11:51

a slave woman she describes their life

11:54

in a very happy way friendly wishes meet

11:57

you everywhere and gifts are showered on

11:59

you also these women have children their

12:04

mothers so she's writing to free women

12:07

who are mothers children bring you their

12:10

little offerings and raise their Rosy

12:12

lips for a caress they are your own this

12:15

is for free women who are mothers and

12:17

Harry Jacobs writes the stories of women

12:20

and mothers who have trouble in

12:23

slavery now advertisements are also

12:26

forms of argument they basically claim

12:28

you should buy our thing or you should

12:31

like our thing and then they give

12:33

reasons why so here's an advertisement

12:35

for 1974 Chrysler you should buy this

12:38

car and the words and the pictures are

12:41

the support the reasons why so let's

12:44

read the advertisement and we'll try to

12:46

figure out who is the audience of this

12:50

one

12:52

satisfying there are those of you who

12:54

will always experience satisfaction in

12:57

knowing that you have made the right

12:59

choice of automobile for you there is

13:03

Chrysler the 1974 Chrysler is made to

13:07

satisfy your desire for car luxury with

13:11

graciously appointed Interiors of

13:12

spaciousness and comfort proud new lines

13:16

of grace and beauty engineering features

13:20

that show traditional Chrysler care

13:22

again in

13:23

1974 your desire for satisfaction has

13:27

made Chrysler Canada's leading luxury

13:29

car for nine consecutive years 1974

13:32

Chrysler you've always deserved this

13:34

much car Extra Care and Engineering it

13:38

makes a

13:40

difference okay so this is someone the

13:43

audience is someone who is full of

13:45

desire and they've been working hard

13:48

they want

13:50

satisfaction they've deserved a big car

13:54

and finally they've got enough money

13:57

that they can buy this and so this is

13:59

the thing that will satisfy their desire

14:02

it's people who are successful and they

14:04

want luxury and

14:07

comfort here's a a fairly direct and

14:11

easy one it doesn't say that you should

14:14

smoke cigarettes but it's about

14:16

cigarettes so let's just read this and

14:19

find the audience Virginia Slims you've

14:23

come a long way baby Slimmer than the

14:26

fat cigarettes men smoke and rightly

14:29

so well um the picture gives us a clue

14:33

that the audience is probably woman

14:36

women she's holding a cigarette it says

14:38

you've come a long way baby that word

14:41

baby is for women it's addressing the

14:44

women okay and it's saying you've come a

14:46

long

14:47

way that means you've made progress so

14:51

the audience is probably Progressive

14:54

women uh modern

14:56

women and then the other word say say

14:59

these cigarettes are Slimmer than the

15:01

fat cigarettes men smoke women don't

15:03

want fat cigarettes they want thin

15:06

cigarettes so the audience is probably

15:08

women who feel they're Progressive and

15:10

modern and they also want to be

15:14

thin got one more well two more this is

15:17

a very obvious one I

15:19

think Michelin because so much is riding

15:23

on your tires and so there's a baby

15:26

sitting beside the tire

15:29

you guess who it is probably the

15:30

audience's parents if you care about

15:33

your baby you want safety for your baby

15:37

and you want good

15:38

tires let's do one more quick one we'll

15:41

just read the words at the bottom of the

15:44

picture for men among men there is a

15:47

whiskey among whiskies Imperial man this

15:50

is

15:52

whiskey I think it's pretty obvious the

15:54

audience for this one is men it actually

15:58

says directly man this is whiskey so for

16:02

people who want they feel like they are

16:04

man or they want to feel like men this

16:06

is the advertisement and the product for

16:09

them all right so we've reviewed

16:11

audience a little bit and the reason

16:13

that we're talking about that is because

16:15

in the class we're going to be doing a

16:16

roarian argument first you'll introduce

16:19

your topic and then you will say your

16:21

audience's point of view the way that

16:23

they feel you'll be thinking about the

16:25

audience's thoughts and feelings Express

16:28

their View

16:29

respectfully and then go on to State

16:31

your own view in a normal way that we're

16:34

familiar with and finally at the end of

16:36

the essay we will try to seek Common

16:38

Ground between the two points of

16:41

view all right I'm going to stop here

16:43

because the video is already going a

16:45

little bit long uh until the next video

16:48

take care everybody

Rate This

5.0 / 5 (0 votes)

相关标签
论证写作罗吉安对立观点观众分析共同点写作技巧论文课程文化冲突广告策略历史文献