16 Rogerian Argument Audience
Summary
TLDR视频脚本中，Dr. KP教授讨论了罗里安论证法，特别是与受众相关的论证。他强调了在写作论证性文章时，引入对立观点的重要性，并在表达自己观点之前陈述这些观点。Dr. KP通过举例说明如何在文章中尊重并回应反对意见，然后提出自己的论点。他还讨论了寻找共同点的重要性，以建立与不同意自己的人的联系。通过分析不同的文本和广告，Dr. KP展示了如何识别并针对特定的受众群体进行写作。视频最后，他总结了罗里安论证法的结构，并鼓励学生在课程中练习这种方法。
Takeaways
- 📚 课程中将学习如何写罗里安论证（Roarian argument），这是一种包含对立观点的论证方式。
- 💌 讲师Dr. KP鼓励学生通过电子邮件提出问题或评论，以帮助改进课程。
- 🤔 在罗里安论证中，首先介绍主题，然后提出并陈述反对者的观点，最后表达并支持自己的观点。
- 🗣️ 理解受众（audience）对于论证至关重要，需要找到共同点以有效沟通。
- 👥 受众是不同意你观点的人，通过共同语言和对词汇意义的共识来建立联系。
- 📝 写作时，受众是阅读你作品的人，目标是让他们从中获得新信息和新观点。
- 🌐 寻找共同点是建立与不同意者之间共识的关键，例如健康和疾病的概念。
- 📚 通过分析课程中的写作样本，学习如何识别和理解受众。
- 📖 通过分析历史文献，了解不同作者如何明确他们的受众并与之沟通。
- 📈 广告也是一种论证形式，它试图说服受众购买或喜欢某个产品。
- 🔍 在论证中考虑受众的观点，尊重地表达他们的看法，然后提出自己的观点，并在文章结尾寻求共同点。
Q & A
什么是罗杰式辩论？
-罗杰式辩论是一种写作方法，要求在阐述自己的观点之前，先介绍反对的观点，并尝试找到共同点。
在罗杰式辩论中，为什么了解受众很重要？
-了解受众很重要，因为只有理解受众的观点和价值观，才能找到共同点，有效地沟通和说服他们。
什么是“共同点”概念？
-“共同点”是指在交流中双方可以达成一致的基础，像是对某些基本概念或价值观的认同，比如健康是好的，疾病是不好的。
如何确定受众？
-可以通过明确受众的特征、兴趣和背景来确定受众。例如，某篇文章的受众可能是有宗教信仰的父母，这在文章开头会明确指出。
什么是托尔曼辩论模型中的“论证依据”？
-“论证依据”是托尔曼辩论模型中的一部分，它是支持论点的理由，连接论点和支持的信念。
克里斯托弗·哥伦布在信中写给谁？
-哥伦布在信中写给一位尊敬的男子，这个人了解哥伦布的航行并希望其成功，同时与哥伦布和国王、王后有共同的宗教信仰。
1822年佩萨罗写信的受众是谁？
-佩萨罗写信的受众是美国总统，他请求总统停止白人进入他们的社区并改变他们的文化。
哈丽特·雅各布斯的书是写给谁的？
-哈丽特·雅各布斯的书是写给自由的女性，她们是母亲，过着幸福的生活，与奴隶制中的女性形成对比。
1974年克莱斯勒广告的受众是谁？
-1974年克莱斯勒广告的受众是那些希望拥有奢华和舒适汽车的成功人士，他们认为自己应得这辆车。
弗吉尼亚斯利姆斯香烟广告的受众是谁？
-弗吉尼亚斯利姆斯香烟广告的受众是现代进步的女性，她们想要苗条的香烟，觉得自己已经取得了很大进步。
在课堂上进行罗杰式辩论的步骤是什么？
-首先介绍你的主题，然后表达受众的观点，尊重地阐述他们的看法，接着陈述你自己的观点，最后在两种观点之间寻找共同点。
Outlines
📚 罗瑞安论证法与观众分析
Dr. KP在视频中讲解了罗瑞安论证法，特别强调了在论证过程中考虑观众的重要性。他提到，论证不仅仅是提出自己的观点，还要考虑反对意见，并在文章中明确表达出来。例如，在讨论人工智能对人类的影响时，应该先提出反对意见，然后再陈述自己的观点。Dr. KP强调了找到与观众的共同点的重要性，以便更有效地与他们沟通。他还提到了在写作中识别观众的重要性，并以自己的电子邮件作为与观众互动的例子。
👨👩👧👦 确定写作对象：迪士尼电影的观众
在第二段中，Dr. KP通过分析一篇关于迪士尼电影的文章来展示如何识别和理解写作的观众。文章作者John Evans在1995年表达了对迪士尼电影的负面看法，并明确指出他的文章是写给30岁以上的、信仰上帝的、对迪士尼电影感兴趣的父母。通过这种方式，作者能够更精确地针对特定的观众群体，从而更有效地传达他的观点。
📜 历史文献中的观众分析
第三段中，Dr. KP通过分析历史文献来进一步探讨观众的概念。他首先提到了哥伦布的信件，哥伦布在信中向一个地位较高的人汇报了他的航海成功，这个人可能是国王和王后的代表，并对哥伦布的航海任务表示支持。接着，Dr. KP分析了一位名叫Pesaro的美洲原住民的信件，这封信是写给美国总统的，请求白人不要进入他们的社区并试图改变他们的文化。通过这些例子，Dr. KP展示了如何根据写作的目的和内容来确定观众。
🚗 广告中的观众定位
在第四段中，Dr. KP讨论了广告如何通过定位特定的观众群体来传达其信息。他分析了几个不同的广告案例，包括1974年的克莱斯勒汽车广告，该广告针对的是寻求豪华和舒适感的成功人士；弗吉尼亚香烟广告，其目标是现代、追求苗条的女性；米其林轮胎广告，强调了父母对儿童安全的关心；以及针对男性的帝国威士忌广告。这些广告通过不同的语言和视觉元素来吸引特定的观众，展示了在广告中识别和理解目标观众的重要性。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡罗亚里安论证
💡观众
💡共同点
💡论证
💡迪士尼电影
💡克里斯托弗·哥伦布
💡佩萨罗
💡哈丽雅特·雅各布斯
💡广告
💡米其林轮胎
Highlights
Dr. KP 将讨论关于罗杰里安论证（Roarian argument）和观众（audience）的重要性。
罗杰里安论证中，引入对立观点是关键步骤，需要在表达自己观点前先陈述反对者立场。
在论证过程中，理解观众是至关重要的，尤其是那些不同意你观点的人。
寻找共同点（common ground）是与反对者建立沟通桥梁的关键。
观众可以是阅读你文章的人，他们期待从中获得新信息和新观点。
在写作中，明确观众的身份对于有效沟通至关重要。
Tolman模型论证中，论点（claim）、支持（support）和保证（warrant）是构建论证的三个要素。
John Evans 在1995年的文章中认为迪士尼电影对孩子有害，并提供了多种支持。
Evans 在文章开头明确指出了他的目标读者群体：30岁以上、信仰上帝的父母。
克里斯托弗·哥伦布在发现新大陆后写信给一个高位人士，分享他的发现。
哥伦布的信件表明他写作的对象是支持他的经济和宗教使命的高位人士。
Pesaro 在1822年写信给美国总统，请求停止白人进入他的领地。
Harriet Jacobs 在1861年出版的书籍中，向自由的女性描述了奴隶女性的生活。
广告也是一种论证形式，旨在说服消费者购买或喜欢某个产品。
1974年克莱斯勒广告针对的是寻求豪华、舒适和满足感的成功人士。
弗吉尼亚苗条香烟广告针对的是现代、进步的女性，强调香烟的苗条设计。
米其林轮胎广告通过展示婴儿与轮胎，明确其目标观众是关心孩子安全的家长。
帝国威士忌广告直接针对男性消费者，强调其为真正的男人所设计的威士忌。
在课程中，学生将学习如何进行罗杰里安论证，包括介绍主题、表达观众观点、陈述自己的观点，并寻求共同点。
Transcripts
hello again I'm Dr KP and today we're
going to be talking about roarian
argument and specifically audience with
respect to that but before we get to it
as always there's my email address
aaronin gmail.com please email me if you
have any questions or comments about the
course it always helps me to hear from
you so roarian argument we will be
writing a roarian argument in this
course and that means after you
introduce your topic you will include
the opposing view people who don't agree
with you you'll make you'll state that
position before going on to State your
view okay so for example if you want to
say that uh AI is helpful for Humanity
then you might say I understand some
people think AI will not be helpful to
humanity they believe it's going to be a
disaster for example here's a quotation
of someone saying that and then after
that in the essay you say uh that's
that's reasonable I can understand why
people would say that nevertheless I
still think AI will be good for Humanity
and then you make your normal argument
okay so in that process the idea of
audience the person who you're talking
to is very important they're the people
who don't agree with you and so you need
to make sure that you talk to them in a
way that they understand and that that
anchors on this concept of common ground
that we've talked about already uh and
the fact that whenever we're
communicating in talking like I'm doing
right now or in writing there is you
who's doing the talking or the writing
and then there's the person who's
hearing you or reading what you're
writing and that is the audience so
you're going to be writing essays in the
course uh your audience is the person
who's reading it and you should want
that person to get new information and
new ideas from what you're writing okay
but the important thing is to be able to
find common ground with that person you
need to be speaking the same language
for example and then have an agreement
on what the words mean in the language
but also a larger sense of what the
words mean if I say for example Health
we know what it means but then do we
also have a larger sort of value about
health like could we all agree that
health is good for example okay and if I
say sickness we know what it means and
then we also have a sense or a feeling
that that's bad right so we want to find
these things that we can agree on health
is good sickness is bad and in this way
we can build more and more agreement
with people who disagree with us on in
some areas and that's common ground so
in order to think about common ground
and audience then we'll pay attention to
some of the uh writing from the course
that we've already looked at and then
look at some new writing and talk about
the audience in this writing so earlier
when um I did a video about um the
Tolman model of argument remember and we
talked about warrants uh that when you
have an argument you have the claim is
the thing that you believe and then the
support is the reason why you believe
that and the warrant is the the belief
that links those first two things
together um and we looked at this
article about Disney films John Evans
writing a long time ago in 1995 said he
thought Disney films are bad so that's
his claim Disney films are bad and then
he gave a lot of supports talking about
different movies to prove that Disney
films were bad and some of his warrants
the reasons why he thought they were bad
maybe we wouldn't agree with like for
example he said this movie is bad it
shows a Hindu religion so he just simply
believed that children shouldn't see
movies that have Hindu religion in them
and not everyone might agree with that
point But at the beginning of his essay
he doesn't do one thing that's useful is
he identifies his audience very clearly
so let's go back and we'll read the
beginning of that essay about Disney
movies and I think it'll be clear who is
the who are the people that he's writing
for many of today's over 30 adults who
grew up on a diet of Disney movies are
now responsible god-honoring parents
they want their children to experience
the same magic in films and videos that
they once
enjoyed okay so he's writing for people
who are interested in Disney movies he
says directly there are over 30
adults and they parents now so he's
writing to parents who are interested in
Disney movies who also are god-honoring
they believe in God so he's very
specific he's writing to parents who
like Disney movies are over 30 years old
they have children and they believe in
God that's who he's writing for okay now
let's take a look at some different
texts some historical ones that are
important uh in American literature or
influential on it this first person here
is Christopher Columbus we all know in
1492 he sailed West from uh Europe from
Spain and discovered the North American
continent for Europeans other people
already knew that North America was
there because people were living there
but Europe did not know about it and
Christopher Columbus discovered North
America for the Europeans uh he went
over with three ships and on the the way
back he wrote a letter the ships
probably looked something like this this
is an old map but it's not this many
ships he only had three because remember
he's going on this adventure and he's
not very sure where he's going but as
he's going back home to Europe he writes
a letter to somebody there let's read
what how the letter begins and we'll try
to imagine who is the audience of
Christopher Columbus here so this letter
was written at C on a ship at
Sea
sir as I know that you will be pleased
at the great Victory with which our Lord
has crowned my Voyage I write this to
you from which you will learn how in 33
days I passed from the Canary Islands to
the Indies with the fleet which the most
illustrious king and queen our
sovereigns gave to me and there I found
very many islands filled with people
innumerable and of them all I have taken
possession for their highnesses by
proclamation made and with a Royal
Standard unfurled and no opposition was
offered to
me okay so who do you think Columbus was
writing to he says sir so it's probably
a man a well respected
man this sir will be pleased so this is
someone who knows about Columbus's
journey and wants Columbus to
succeed this person also shares our Lord
they are both religious people they're
both
Christians and they also share the most
illustrious king and queen our
sovereigns so this actually Columbus is
writing to someone in a high position
underneath the king and queen who is
supporting this uh Mission that's an
economic one and a religious Mission as
well here is someone from um North
America Native American named pesaro and
in
1822 he wrote a letter about white
people coming into his territory so
after Columbus discovered North America
for the Europeans many Europeans started
going to North America they were
arriving in the East part of the United
States and the more and more people
arrived the more the the people in the
East pushed to the West more and more
they moved West toward California in the
direction of California and as they did
so they pushed out more and more Native
Americans and so by 1822 now pesaro is
being affected he's not in the East he's
in the middle part of the United States
and he writes this letter asking that
white men please stop coming into our
community and trying to influence us so
let's read it and we'll try to figure
out who is the audience of this letter
it is too soon my great father to send
those good men among us we are not
starving yet we wish you to permit us to
enjoy the chase until the game of our
country is exhausted until the wild
animals become extinct let us exhaust
our present resources before you make us
toil and interrupt our happiness let me
continue to live as I have done and
after I have passed to the good or evil
spirit from off the Wilderness of my
present life the subsistence of my
children may become so precarious as to
need and embrace the assistance of those
good
people okay so we see pesaro is writing
to someone he calls my great father and
he's saying please permit us and let us
so the great father can control pesaro
and permit or not permit let or not let
and also the great father will make them
toil and interrupt their
happiness pesaro says before you make us
toil and interrupt our
happiness let us continue to be hunters
and live the life that we've lived so
far pedar is writing this to the
president of the United States saying
please stop sending white men into our
community to try to change our culture
just allow me my generation to live the
way that we have been and I know my
children will not be able to do this
they must live your kind of life but
before you interrupt our happiness
please just allow my generation to Die
the way that we were
born here is another American Harriet
Jacobs who published a book in
1861 she was a slave when she was a girl
and she published a book about her
experiences as a slave let's read part
of that and we'll try to see who is she
writing
for oh you happy free women contrast
your New Year's Day with that of the
poor Bond woman with you it is a
pleasant season and the light of the day
is blessed friendly wishes meet you
everywhere and gifts are showered upon
you even hearts that have been estranged
from you soften at this season and lips
that have been silent excuse me lips
that have been silent Echo back I wish
you a happy New
Year children bring their little
offerings and raise their Rosy lips for
a caress they are your own and no hand
but that of death can take them from
you obviously we can see she's writing
to the Happy free women because she was
a slave woman she describes their life
in a very happy way friendly wishes meet
you everywhere and gifts are showered on
you also these women have children their
mothers so she's writing to free women
who are mothers children bring you their
little offerings and raise their Rosy
lips for a caress they are your own this
is for free women who are mothers and
Harry Jacobs writes the stories of women
and mothers who have trouble in
slavery now advertisements are also
forms of argument they basically claim
you should buy our thing or you should
like our thing and then they give
reasons why so here's an advertisement
for 1974 Chrysler you should buy this
car and the words and the pictures are
the support the reasons why so let's
read the advertisement and we'll try to
figure out who is the audience of this
one
satisfying there are those of you who
will always experience satisfaction in
knowing that you have made the right
choice of automobile for you there is
Chrysler the 1974 Chrysler is made to
satisfy your desire for car luxury with
graciously appointed Interiors of
spaciousness and comfort proud new lines
of grace and beauty engineering features
that show traditional Chrysler care
again in
1974 your desire for satisfaction has
made Chrysler Canada's leading luxury
car for nine consecutive years 1974
Chrysler you've always deserved this
much car Extra Care and Engineering it
makes a
difference okay so this is someone the
audience is someone who is full of
desire and they've been working hard
they want
satisfaction they've deserved a big car
and finally they've got enough money
that they can buy this and so this is
the thing that will satisfy their desire
it's people who are successful and they
want luxury and
comfort here's a a fairly direct and
easy one it doesn't say that you should
smoke cigarettes but it's about
cigarettes so let's just read this and
find the audience Virginia Slims you've
come a long way baby Slimmer than the
fat cigarettes men smoke and rightly
so well um the picture gives us a clue
that the audience is probably woman
women she's holding a cigarette it says
you've come a long way baby that word
baby is for women it's addressing the
women okay and it's saying you've come a
long
way that means you've made progress so
the audience is probably Progressive
women uh modern
women and then the other word say say
these cigarettes are Slimmer than the
fat cigarettes men smoke women don't
want fat cigarettes they want thin
cigarettes so the audience is probably
women who feel they're Progressive and
modern and they also want to be
thin got one more well two more this is
a very obvious one I
think Michelin because so much is riding
on your tires and so there's a baby
sitting beside the tire
you guess who it is probably the
audience's parents if you care about
your baby you want safety for your baby
and you want good
tires let's do one more quick one we'll
just read the words at the bottom of the
picture for men among men there is a
whiskey among whiskies Imperial man this
is
whiskey I think it's pretty obvious the
audience for this one is men it actually
says directly man this is whiskey so for
people who want they feel like they are
man or they want to feel like men this
is the advertisement and the product for
them all right so we've reviewed
audience a little bit and the reason
that we're talking about that is because
in the class we're going to be doing a
roarian argument first you'll introduce
your topic and then you will say your
audience's point of view the way that
they feel you'll be thinking about the
audience's thoughts and feelings Express
their View
respectfully and then go on to State
your own view in a normal way that we're
familiar with and finally at the end of
the essay we will try to seek Common
Ground between the two points of
view all right I'm going to stop here
because the video is already going a
little bit long uh until the next video
take care everybody
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