How The Dinosaurs Actually Died

A ruthless murder was committed! Someone killed  the dinosaurs and we have the murderer! Witnesses  

say that an Everest-sized asteroid hit  Earth, devastated the planet and caused  

a mass extinction. A simple, fascinating  and convincing explanation. Or… is it?

In the last few years, new evidence has  reinvigorated an older theory pointing  

at a second suspect. A very slow and  liquid asteroid, 1000 times bigger,  

hitting earth on the opposite side of the planet.  Like the true crime channel we are, let us look  

at the new evidence and tell a different story  that could change everything we thought we knew…

The Last Days of a Kingdom

66 million years ago, Earth was barely  recognizable. It was the last days of the  

Cretaceous, one of the hottest periods  in Earth’s history and much more humid.  

Lush jungles and woodlands covered much  of the planet. Even the polar regions  

were home to forests of prehistoric  pines and ferns. Amazing ecosystems  

that were robust enough to survive the many  months of darkness during the polar night.

Oversized animals were everywhere.  Pterosaurs filled the skies,  

marine lizards and long necked monsters up to  15 meters long swam in the oceans. And on land,  

basically everything larger than one meter  was a dinosaur – one of the most successful  

animals ever to walk Earth, dominating  the world for more than 150 million years.

And then they were murdered. All  these majestic creatures vanished  

in a split-second of geological time. Why?

Yes, it is true that at around that time a big  asteroid hit Earth. But… was this actually what  

killed the dinosaurs? Or did it arrive just in  time to get all the blame? Because according to  

some recent science, just before the asteroid  struck, an ancient nightmare, older than even  

the dinosaurs, decided to destroy the world.  Let us look at how it might have done it.

The Beast Slowly Awakens

The ancient continents almost resembled  the world of today but not quite. India  

was still a continent-sized tropical island  full of lush rainforests and exotic life,  

on its way to smash into Asia. But this paradise  also hosted something else. The Deccan Traps – a  

volcanic region a thousand kilometers wide and  about to come to life in a dramatic fashion.

The apocalypse began quietly and silently.  About 800,000 years before the impact,  

the Deccan Traps began to exhale about  10 million tonnes of CO2 and sulfur  

dioxide each year. Which in the grand  scheme of things was not that much,  

so for a long time no one noticed. The  problem was, these emissions wouldn’t  

stop. For half a million years, they started  to dangerously pile up in the atmosphere.

About 300,000 years before the asteroid, the  Deccan Traps started to vomit lava. This was  

nothing like a normal eruption – it was  a lava flood. Imagine a landscape with  

volcanos stretching beyond the horizon. They were  constantly active, releasing a steady flow of  

massive amounts of poison and lava, interrupted  by much more violent and deadly eruptions.

The lush paradise of India was the first victim  as gigantic clouds spread toxic fumes and poisoned  

the coastal regions. Clouds of ash darkened the  sky as rivers of magma started massive wildfires,  

eradicating many local ecosystems and  paving the continent with dead dinosaurs.

Still, at this point it all looked like  a local catastrophe – one of many that  

have hit our planet over its billions of  years of history. Had it stopped here,  

there might still be dinosaurs today. But  the nightmare hadn’t even begun yet. .

The Beast Turns Furious

The Deccan Traps would just not stop  spewing lava. And so, after hundreds of  

thousands of years of never ending volcanic  emissions, the catastrophe became global.

First the planet experienced a wave of heating,  

with oceans getting at least 2ºC hotter  in just 100,000 years. Which is bad,  

but just about the timeframe that  leaves ecosystems a chance to adapt.

But then nature would pull a cruel  prank. Some of the gasses of the Deccan  

Traps heated the planet up, while others  cooled it down. But the mix was uneven,  

so after the initial warming,  a period of cooling followed,  

massively stressing the ecosystems that barely  managed to adapt to the hotter temperatures.

At the same time, the sulfur in the  atmosphere came back down as acid rain,  

while the CO2 was acidifying the oceans  and killing the plankton – which was,  

and still is today, the basis of the food web  in the oceans. And if plankton disappears,  

a massive extinction is all but guaranteed.

But now the grand finale was about to  begin. About 50,000 years before impact,  

the true apocalypse came. Like a cosmic  horror breaking out of its prison,  

the Deccan Traps roared and screamed and  began to spew out tens of trillions of  

tons of magma and even more deadly gasses  in an onslaught that lasted for several  

thousand years. Rolling over ecosystems,  devastating everything they reached.

For a time as long as all of human civilization,  this lava armageddon brought massive wildfires.  

Earthquakes and tsunamis smashed and shook  the continent. So much heat was released from  

the roaring hot interior of our planet that it  might have created hypercanes – cyclones tens  

of kilometers wide, with winds reaching  almost 1000 km/h – 3 times more than the  

deadliest hurricane ever recorded by humanity.  These storms were so massive and intense that  

they could reach tens of kilometers into the  stratosphere and rip holes into the ozone layer,  

with devastating consequences for all  life, now without protection from the sun’s  

radiation. And of course, where the hyper storms  occurred, devastation and death would follow.

And if all this wasn’t enough, out of the  guts of the earth came colossal amounts of  

venom. Giant clouds loaded with mercury and  hydrochloric acid rolled over the planet,  

delivering the final blow to the remnants  of a once magnificent and fertile world. As  

food chains crumbled and the whole world  around them collapsed, some of the last  

dinosaurs to ever walk the Earth may have died  vomiting toxic foam while being bathed in acid  

rain. A cruel end for the members of a noble  family that had ruled the world for so long.

Then, it just ended. The frenetic eruptions slowed  down and the endless natural disasters began to  

fade away. But the world was changed forever.  The monster had left unfathomable devastation  

and corpses in its wake. Even the planet’s  ecosystems far away were severely wounded. It was  

the end of a whole geological era. A murder that  started slowly and then turned loud and violent.

And then it happened.

Like a cosmic joke, on the other side of the  world, a bright dot of light appeared in the sky.  

And an instant later, an asteroid 10 km across  smashed into earth with the power of 4 billion  

atomic bombs. If you want to see what this was  like, we made a whole video about it. If life on  

earth was like a murder victim barely holding  on, this was the final blow. Just too much.

After the massacre, on the  other side of the world,  

the Deccan Traps went on expelling tens  of trillions of tons of deadly gasses  

for another 800,000 years, making sure the  devastated planet stayed covered in poison.

When they eventually finished  and truly went back to sleep,  

75% of all species on Earth had perished. Most  famously almost all dinosaurs. Except – birds,  

the only dinos that are still with us today.  Their stunning beauty and diversity are a shy  

reminder of how majestic and wonderful  their larger cousins must have been.

So Who Was the Murderer?

Were the dinosaurs doomed by the  traps? Or would they have survived  

without the asteroid? Was it teamwork? Well,  we don’t know. Scientists have been fiercely  

debating this question for years, but  for now we have no definite answer.

The timeline of events that we’ve shown here is  based on some of the most recent reconstructions  

of the evolution of the Deccan Traps. There are  other ones that paint a different picture but  

right now scientists are still fiercely arguing  over this, check our sources to learn more.

So like much of true crime, we can’t end this  story with an easy and satisfying resolution.

Time has the nasty habit of erasing evidence,  so maybe we’ll never really know. But there is  

something else hidden in the dust, something  truly terrifying. As we learn more and more  

about the past, we found that at least 4 of  the 5 big mass extinctions happened at the  

same time as the Earth was furiously  spewing gargantuan amounts of magma.  

The monster that might have killed the  dinosaurs seems to be a serial killer.

The worst massacre ever, the Permian  mass extinction 250 million years ago,  

was caused by the Siberian Traps – a hellish  flood of lava that killed 95% of all the  

species on earth, almost bringing life to  its knees. Until recently, many scientists  

thought that this was an outlier, but new  evidence suggests it may have been the rule.

Other big mass extinctions happened when  the monster awoke from its sleep and the  

longer and more violently it rampaged, the more  slaughter we can see in the fossil record. So  

maybe the dinosaurs were not massacred  by a casual murderer from outer space,  

but by a serial killer hiding beneath our feet.

Do you need to worry about all of this?

Definitely not. While the monster is real, it is  amazingly slow and currently very sleepy. If it  

were about to awake again, scientists monitoring  the Earth’s interior would get a warning really  

early – maybe even millions of years in advance.  Time enough to prepare and move out of the way.

Enough about mysteries of the past  and onto puzzles in the present!

We are testing out this project crate from our  sponsor KiwiCo today – they offer fun crates for  

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So what do we have here? A  puzzle maybe.. no, a robot crab!

Well go ahead, assemble it!

Good job! This is a project that  lets you build a robot yourself  

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We wanted to work with KiwiCo because they spend  hundreds and hundreds of hours on finetuning and  

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