Someone Just Created a Black Hole Analog Using Quantum Effects

hello wonderful person this is Anton and

today we're going to discuss an

extremely interesting experiment that to

some extent created a black hole right

here on planet Earth okay not like an

actual black hole that's going to

destroy everything but a very intriguing

analog black hole or I guess a black

hole replica made entirely out of

material possessing Quantum effects and

by itself this actually has a lot of

potential implications for many

different studies involving black holes

the Universe our understanding of

everything in it and even things like

gravity and so let's actually discuss

this a little bit more because as of

right now this is probably one of the

most exciting experiments involving

what's known as analog black holes but

first a few basic concepts to help you

understand so obviously right now

there's really no way for us to directly

study black holes especially because the

nearest one is almost 2,000 like years

away from us which means that all of the

research involved in black holes is

usually either based on simulations or

direct observations using various

telescopes and previous predictions from

a lot of different ideas and a lot of

different theories but there is actually

another way an experimental way where we

can technically create something really

small usually microscopic in size that

kind of act like a black hole and helps

us understand a lot of its properties

for example one way to create something

that possesses certain properties of

black ho is by forming what's known as B

Einstein condensate a type of a state of

matter where a lot of particles are

cooled down so much that they basically

start acting like one large super

particle or technically one large

superwave and this can actually produce

what's known as a light black hole

because they essentially slow down light

so much that it can even sometimes stop

it completely but a much more common

example in the lab usually uses what's

known as Sonic black holes or basically

black holes where everything is replaced

with sound sometimes also referred to as

acoustic black holes where essentially

instead of light and instead of matter

you'll have phonons or perturbations of

sound that can travel through sound

waves and sometimes you can actually

make them fall into a kind of a

hypothetical black hole where they're

unable to escape a certain region

normally this region is formed by some

kind of a fluid and so here by using

certain liquids and then watching sound

propagate inside of them researchers

found different ways to kind of mimic

the effects from various black holes as

well and intriguingly in just the last

few years there have been some major

breakthroughs because these unusual

black holes seem to exhibit very similar

effects to what we actually expect from

a real black hole for example many

different Sonic black holes seem to

exhibit Hawken radiation a kind of a

phonic version of it or basically using

sound waves but they essentially emit

energy from the equivalent of the Event

Horizon we've briefly discussed one of

these experiments in one of the videos

in the description and here the Event

Horizon is basically defined by the flow

of the liquid here the the speed of flow

is greater than the speed of sound so it

actually forms a kind of an event

horizon moreover back in 2010 and

actually in several other experiments

afterwards the researchers were able to

recreate a kind of a rotating black hole

also known as care black hole and here

they demonstrated the effect known as

super Radiance a process that's able to

extract energy from the rotation of the

black hole and usually much more energy

than we can actually get from anything

else and this by itself is a really

exciting concept and astronomers have

actually seen signs of this from a lot

of different black holes out there real

ones not the Sonic ones and so these

black hole replicas or sonic blacko seem

to be possible because fluids tend to

experience very similar effects and even

exhibit very similar properties

especially when it comes to motion of

stuff inside of them but the thing is

there's always been one problem most

liquids also have quite a lot of

viscosity basically they kind of stick

to things and so this viscosity presents

a a lot of uncertainty and a lot of

problems it actually creates a lot of

random motion that would not exist in

Black Horse because we don't expect

space time to stick to anything and so

for many years scientists have been

proposing to use super liquids or super

fluids fluids that are basically perfect

containing no viscosity producing no

friction and not sticking to anything at

all and though it might sound like

something that doesn't exist it totally

does in the realm of quantum physics and

it's known as super fluidity he kind of

a causing to Super conductivity with the

two most well-known super fluids both

being helium helium 3 and helium 4 and

so isotopes of helium when cool down

dramatically here we're talking about

temperatures almost at Absolute Zero

will start acting really really strange

there's this much older video from the

60s kind of showing us some of these

effects one of the craziest effects is

visible right here it tends to actually

crawl up the walls of any kind of a

container and then drips down like

there's no gravity and it doesn't

actually care and it can even create

unusual fountains that can basically

function indefinitely because there's no

viscosity no friction and it can

basically just feed itself over and over

and so these very strange helium

experiments back in the days first of

all blew everyone's minds and later on

made everyone realize that we needed new

theories new explanations and very

likely a lot of quantum physics but

that's beside the point the point is

that these super liquids do exist we

know quite a lot about them already and

they do have very unusual properties

such as zero viscosity which allows them

to move without any loss of energy and

more importantly allows them to be

stirred and to create vortices that

would technically spin indefinitely so

in theory if you were to store helium 4

at these extreme temperatures it should

basically spin forever and ever and

never stop but it's a Quantum fluid so

that means that it basically laughs at

our classical ideas

and anytime we try something it

surprises us once again turns out if you

stir a Quantum super fluid first of all

it doesn't actually do anything at all

and so here the experiments were really

shocking the researchers were basically

trying to spin it by spinning the

container itself but because there's no

viscosity instead of going with a

container the liquid helium would just

stay not moving and not doing anything

however it turns out that if you spin

the container faster and faster at some

point the container reaches a kind of a

critical angular velocity and so instead

of being stationary now the super fluid

starts to form Vortex but not just one

many of them and they kind of look like

this they're extremely small in size

practically miniature and they're

referred to as aoso Vortex and moreover

the number of these vertices and the way

they behave all of this is quantized in

other words it can only exist in certain

States it can only spin in a certain way

it can only create certain patterns and

it can not change in any other way and

so unlike water that basically spins any

way it wants these Quantum vertices are

extremely different and as you increase

the rotation more and more more of these

quantise vertices start to appear

changing the pattern accordingly which

kind of doesn't actually help us with

these studies of black o because we

don't think black ho do the same or at

least that's not what science shows us

so far which made a lot of these studies

using super fluid helium a little bit

challenging they could only produce tiny

tiny vortices which technically do

represent tiny black holes but it's

difficult to see them difficult to study

and they don't actually last very long

they're not stable they disappear all

the time and that's until now a recent

study just came out and potentially

discovered a way to stabilize everything

and to actually create a relatively

large Quantum Vortex a picture of which

you see right here and the only way they

were able to create this is by finding a

way to merge all these individual

quantize vertices into one large one

this seems to happen at certain

frequencies so everything has to spin in

just the right way with the vortex then

behaving as a kind of a multiple

quantized object and so despite the

instability of individual Quantum

vertices the researchers found a way to

stabilize it by using a very specific

wave Vortex interaction and using a

miniaturized device you see right here

which then creates this analog black

hole resembling a typical Vortex and

even more importantly when this unusual

Vortex was created it started to exhibit

extremely interesting effects first of

all they observed unusual standing waves

and in some sense these waves are

extremely similar to what we detect from

black holes especially after black hole

Collision these overtones previously

observed from various colliding black

holes are a type of a ring down that

happen right after the black hole is

formed and that's actually something

that was just observed here as well as

soon as those tiny quantized vortices

merged they produce something similar

here's the image of these unusual bound

States or these standing waves that were

also produced in this Vortex referred to

as bound States and that basically

suggests that a lot of this resembles

gravitational environment around typical

black holes they seem to possess a lot

of similar effects and they even seem to

possess effects that we only discovered

in just the last few years basically

this Vortex seems to resemble space-time

Dragon very very well naturally because

it contains no viscosity but also

because it contains a lot of quantum

effects and that's actually the real

important part today astrophysicists

believe that the only way we can explain

what's happening in black holes and the

only way we can explain things like

gravity is really by combining Quantum

effects with classical physics nobody

knows what the answer is yet but it's

really studies like this that might

finally lead us to an actual answer

because this is a combination of quantum

fields and the effects we observe in

astrophysical black holes this takes us

just a step closer to maybe explaining

everything once and for all but on top

of this there's Discovery here that's

basically staring Us in the face for

some reason a lot of these different

mimics a lot of these analog black hols

seem to always result in producing

effects similar to gravity and that

actually relates to the idea known as

emerging Gravity the idea that proposes

that maybe gravity is not actually a

force but instead is something that just

happens in certain complex systems

including systems involving black Hol

stars and galaxies or systems involving

Quantum vortices and so in other words

these experiments using super fluids May

potentially explain everything in the

universe at some point in the future

they don't yet but it's experiments like

this that are able to create mimic black

holse that are most likely to answer all

of these questions but obviously this is

just a start and we don't have any

answers yet once we do I'll make sure to

make another video Until then thank you

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wonderful I'll see you tomorrow and as

always

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