This Chip Could Change Computing Forever

ColdFusion
22 Apr 202413:10

Summary

TLDRThe video discusses a groundbreaking development in the field of computing by Professor Walt de Heer and his team at Georgia Tech University. They have successfully created a semiconducting form of graphene, a material known for its exceptional conductivity and strength. Traditional graphene, while highly conductive, lacks the necessary semiconductor properties to be used in transistors, which require the ability to switch between conducting and insulating states. The researchers employed a technique called band gap engineering to overcome this challenge, resulting in a graphene semiconductor with a band gap of 0.6 electron volts. This innovation could lead to the creation of faster, more efficient electronic devices with reduced power consumption and heat generation. The method is cost-effective, scalable, and compatible with existing chip fabrication processes, making it economically viable for the semiconductor industry. Additionally, the high electron mobility of the graphene semiconductor presents potential applications in quantum computing, marking a significant paradigm shift from silicon-based electronics.

Takeaways

  • 📱 The development of a graphene-based semiconductor could lead to phones and laptops with significantly longer battery life and faster operation.
  • 🔬 Walt de Heer and his team at Georgia Tech University have been working on this breakthrough for a decade, aiming to revolutionize computing.
  • 📈 Graphene has been recognized for its potential in electronics since 2001, but it wasn't until recent advances that it became viable for use in transistors.
  • ⚙️ Traditional silicon transistors are reaching their limits in terms of speed, heat generation, and miniaturization, prompting the search for better materials like graphene.
  • 🚀 Graphene's unique structure allows electrons to move with minimal resistance, making it highly conductive, which is beneficial for high-speed electronics.
  • 🔍 The process of creating graphene involves heating silicon carbide to high temperatures, causing silicon to evaporate and leaving behind a layer of carbon atoms that form graphene.
  • 💡 The Georgia Tech team's innovation was to create a high-quality band gap in graphene, enabling it to function as a semiconductor, which is crucial for its use in transistors.
  • 💻 The new graphene semiconductors have demonstrated higher electron mobility, which is essential for faster, more efficient electronic devices operating in the terahertz range.
  • 💰 The manufacturing process for the graphene semiconductors is cost-effective and compatible with existing chip fabrication methods, making it economically feasible for industry adoption.
  • 🔬 There is potential for this high-mobility graphene to be used in quantum computing applications due to the pronounced quantum mechanical properties of electrons in graphene at low temperatures.
  • ⚠️ A downside is the smaller band gap of the graphene semiconductor, which could lead to current leakage and increased power consumption and heat generation in certain applications like CPUs.

Q & A

  • What is the main topic of the video?

    -The main topic of the video is the breakthrough in the field of computing by Walt de Heer and his team at Georgia Tech University, where they developed a graphene-based semiconductor that could revolutionize electronics, making computers and phones faster, more efficient, and longer-lasting.

  • What is the significance of the research published in the journal Nature?

    -The research published in the journal Nature is significant because it details how the team at Georgia Tech created a graphene semiconductor with a band gap, making it viable for use in microelectronics. This development could lead to faster and more efficient electronic devices.

  • Why is graphene considered a wonder material?

    -Graphene is considered a wonder material due to its unique properties. It is a 2D material made of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, which allows electrons to move through it with minimal resistance. This makes it one of the most conductive materials known to man, strong, lightweight, and versatile for various applications.

  • What is the challenge with using graphene as a transistor?

    -The challenge with using graphene as a transistor is that it is an excellent conductor of electricity, but a traditional transistor requires semiconducting properties, meaning it should be neither a perfect conductor nor an insulator. Graphene's high conductivity makes it difficult to turn off, which is a requirement for a transistor to function as a switch.

  • What is band gap engineering and how does it help in making graphene semiconducting?

    -Band gap engineering is a technique used to manipulate the band gap of a material, which is the energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist. By creating a band gap in graphene, scientists can make it act like a semiconductor, allowing it to be switched on and off, thus enabling its use in transistors.

  • How did the researchers at Georgia Tech achieve a high-quality band gap in graphene?

    -The researchers achieved a high-quality band gap in graphene by heating silicon carbide in an argon-filled quartz tube. By applying a high-frequency AC current through a copper coil, they heated the layers to 1000°C, causing the silicon to evaporate and leaving behind a carbon-rich surface that formed into graphene.

  • What are the potential benefits of using the new graphene semiconductor in electronic devices?

    -The potential benefits include faster operating speeds, up to 10 times faster than current silicon-based devices, lower power consumption, reduced heat generation, and the possibility of integrating with conventional microelectronics processing methods. It also has the potential for use in quantum computing applications.

  • What is the downside of the smaller band gap in the new graphene semiconductor?

    -The downside of the smaller band gap, which is 0.6 electron volts compared to the typical 1.1 electron volts in silicon, could lead to current leakage when the device is supposed to be in its off state. This could increase power consumption and heat generation, potentially reducing the overall efficiency gains from using graphene.

  • How does the compatibility of the new graphene manufacturing process with existing chip fabrication methods benefit the industry?

    -The compatibility allows for easier integration into the current semiconductor manufacturing processes, making it scalable and economically feasible for broader adoption. This means that the new technology can be more readily implemented without the need for completely overhauling existing production lines.

  • What is the potential impact of this breakthrough on the field of computing?

    -The breakthrough could significantly change the field of computing by enabling the development of faster, more efficient, and longer-lasting electronic devices. It represents a paradigm shift from traditional silicon-based electronics and could pave the way for new types of quantum devices and computing methods.

  • How does the video address the issue of personal information being sold online?

    -The video addresses this issue through a sponsorship message from Incog, a service that helps individuals delete their personal information from data brokers' records, thus protecting them from unsolicited scams, advertisements, and potential identity theft.

Outlines

00:00

📱 The Future of Electronics with Graphene Transistors

The video introduces the potential for a new era in electronics with the development of graphene transistors. Walt de Heer and his team at Georgia Tech University have made a significant breakthrough that could lead to devices like phones and laptops operating at terahertz frequencies, being up to 10 times faster, while using less power and generating less heat. The research on graphene, a material known for its exceptional conductivity and strength, has been ongoing for a decade. The challenge has been to harness graphene's properties for use in semiconductors, which traditionally require a balance between conductivity and insulation. The team's findings were published in the journal Nature, highlighting the potential for graphene to revolutionize computing technology.

05:02

🔬 Band Gap Engineering and Graphene Semiconductors

The video delves into the science behind turning graphene into a semiconductor through band gap engineering. A band gap is the energy range in a material where no electron states can exist. In semiconductors, a smaller band gap allows electrons to move from the valence band to the conduction band with less energy, enabling the material to conduct electricity under certain conditions. The researchers at Georgia Tech have successfully created a high-quality band gap in graphene, which was previously a challenge due to its high conductivity. This innovation allows graphene to be manipulated like a switch, a crucial property for transistors. The process involved using silicon carbide, heating it to cause silicon to evaporate, leaving a carbon-rich surface that forms into graphene. The resulting graphene semiconductors demonstrated high electron mobility, which is essential for high-frequency electronics and could significantly improve the speed and efficiency of devices.

10:02

🚀 Graphene's Impact on Electronics and Quantum Computing

The video discusses the broader implications of graphene semiconductor technology. The creation of semiconducting graphene opens up new possibilities for microelectronics, as it is not a natural semiconductor. The Georgia Tech team's work has produced a graphene semiconductor with a smaller band gap than silicon, which could be beneficial for certain applications but also poses challenges like increased current leakage. However, the method used is simple, cost-effective, and compatible with existing chip fabrication methods, making it scalable and economically feasible. Additionally, the researchers suggest potential applications in quantum computing due to the unique quantum mechanical properties of electrons in graphene at low temperatures, which could lead to new quantum devices and computing methods. Despite the current smaller band gap, the researchers are optimistic about future improvements and the transformative impact of graphene on the field of computing.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Cold Fusion

Cold Fusion refers to the show or channel that produced this video. It is a platform that discusses various topics related to science, technology, and business. In the context of the video, it serves as the medium through which the information about the graphene semiconductor breakthrough is being disseminated to the audience.

💡Graphene

Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It is known for its exceptional electrical conductivity, strength, and thinness. In the video, graphene is central as it is the material that researchers have manipulated to create a new type of semiconductor with potential applications in faster, more efficient electronics.

💡Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors are the foundation of modern electronics, used to create transistors that can amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. The video discusses the potential of graphene to revolutionize semiconductor technology.

💡Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is a key component in modern electronic devices. The video highlights a breakthrough in creating transistors with graphene, which could operate faster and more efficiently than current silicon-based transistors.

💡Silicon Carbide

Silicon carbide is a compound of silicon and carbon, and it is used as a starting material to produce graphene in the described process. The video explains that by heating silicon carbide, silicon evaporates, leaving behind a carbon-rich surface that forms into graphene.

💡Band Gap Engineering

Band gap engineering is a process used to manipulate the band gap of a semiconductor material. The band gap is the energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist. In the context of the video, researchers have used band gap engineering to make graphene behave like a semiconductor, which is crucial for its use in transistors.

💡Electron Mobility

Electron mobility is the measure of how quickly an electron can move through a material. It is a key factor in determining the performance of semiconductors. The video emphasizes that the graphene semiconductor created has very high electron mobility, which is essential for high-frequency electronics and could lead to significant advancements in device speed and efficiency.

💡Terahertz

Terahertz refers to the frequency range of electromagnetic radiation that lies between microwaves and infrared light. The video mentions that the new graphene-based transistors could operate in the terahertz range, which is significantly higher than the gigahertz range of current silicon chips, indicating the potential for faster electronic devices.

💡Quantum Computing

Quantum computing is a new type of computing that uses quantum bits or qubits to perform calculations. The video suggests that the high electron mobility of graphene at low temperatures could be advantageous for quantum computing applications, potentially leading to new types of quantum devices.

💡Incogni

Incogni is mentioned as the sponsor of the video. It is a service that helps individuals protect their personal information online by removing it from data broker records. The mention of Incogni serves as a reminder of the importance of online privacy and security, which is a separate but relevant topic in the context of technology and the digital age.

💡Current Leakage

Current leakage refers to the unwanted flow of current in a device when it is supposed to be in an off state. The video discusses that the smaller band gap of the graphene semiconductor could potentially lead to current leakage, which might increase power consumption and heat generation. However, it is noted as a challenge that can be addressed with further refinements in the manufacturing process.

Highlights

The development of a phone or laptop that could last for days or even a week without needing to be recharged is now a possibility due to recent breakthroughs.

Walt de Heer and his team at Georgia Tech University have been working for a decade to revolutionize computing with their latest advancements.

Their research has led to the creation of computers and phones that are up to 10 times faster, operate in the terahertz range, and use less power while producing less heat.

The team's findings were published in the prestigious journal Nature, highlighting the significance of their work.

The potential use of graphene in electronics was first considered in 2001, marking the beginning of a new era in material science.

Graphene, a 2D material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, is known for its exceptional conductivity and strength.

The development of cost-effective methods to produce graphene has been a game-changer, making it viable for a wide range of applications.

One of the most notable applications of graphene is in the creation of a charging bank that can charge 10,000 milliamp hours in just 30 minutes.

The challenge with using graphene as a transistor is its inability to be switched off due to its high conductivity; however, band gap engineering provides a solution.

The concept of the band gap is crucial in understanding how graphene can be manipulated to function like a semiconductor.

Walt de Heer and his team achieved a high-quality band gap in graphene for the first time, enabling it to act as a semiconductor.

Their method involves heating silicon carbide in an argon-filled quartz tube, which results in the formation of graphene through a process of evaporation and deposition.

The process is not only efficient but also cost-effective, with the components for the setup costing only $20.

The resulting graphene semiconductor transistors outperformed current silicon chips in speed and demonstrated high electron mobility.

The technology has the potential to lead to a paradigm shift in electronics, with applications in high-frequency terahertz range electronics and possibly even quantum computing.

The method is compatible with conventional chip fabrication methods, making it scalable and economically feasible for broader adoption in the semiconductor industry.

Despite the potential downside of a smaller band gap leading to current leakage, the researchers are optimistic that this can be improved with further refinements.

The breakthrough could change the field of computing as we know it, opening up a new landscape for electronic applications and interfaces.

Transcripts

00:00

this video was brought to you by

00:03

incog hi welcome to another episode of

00:05

Cold

00:06

Fusion picture this a phone that you

00:09

don't have to charge for days or a

00:11

laptop that can last a week without

00:13

recharging well that kind of thing is on

00:15

the cards with what we're about to talk

00:16

about in this episode Walt deir may look

00:19

like your average Professor but he and

00:21

his team have been working for 10 years

00:23

to flip the world of computing on its

00:24

head with their recent breakthrough at

00:26

Georgia Tech University we could see

00:28

computers and phones that up to 10 times

00:30

faster operating in the realm of

00:32

terahertz not only that but they'd use

00:35

less power and produce less heat his

00:37

team's findings were published in the

00:39

journal Nature people knew about

00:41

graphine it had been heavily studied in

00:43

many different disciplines and uh

00:46

surface scientists knew about it

00:48

chemists knew about it but nobody had

00:50

actually thought that this stuff might

00:51

be good for

00:52

electronics and so in 2001 uh we

00:56

basically came to the idea that maybe

00:58

graphine could be used for electronics

01:00

and that's how the whole story started

01:02

really so just a heads up this video may

01:05

be a bit more technical than normal but

01:07

I did just find it fascinating so in

01:09

this quick episode let's check out how

01:11

they did it and what this means for us

01:13

and Technology as a

01:16

whole you are watching cold fusion

01:20

[Music]

01:22

TV today semiconductors specifically the

01:25

element silicon Powers our world in the

01:28

1950s very very clever scientists

01:30

figured out how to manipulate silicon to

01:32

behave like tiny switches you could join

01:35

thousands of them together and program

01:36

them to do things we call this a

01:39

computer over time our whole modern

01:41

world has been built on these tiny

01:43

little silicon switches we call these

01:45

tiny switches transistors and humans

01:48

have made incredible progress with

01:49

silicon transistors just look at Mo's

01:51

law which states that the number of

01:53

transistors in an integrated circuit

01:55

doubles every 2 years or even better yet

01:58

just look at the devices around you from

02:00

your car to your fridge computer phone

02:04

and TV they're

02:06

everywhere over the past 70 years the

02:08

only thing that we really did was pack

02:10

these transistors into ever tighter

02:12

spaces to give us more processing power

02:14

but the thing is we're now just reaching

02:16

the limits of silicon transistors in

02:18

terms of speed heat generation and

02:21

miniaturization but what if we could

02:23

make transistors even better 10 times

02:25

better enter

02:28

graphine silicon carbide it's a crystal

02:31

made out of silicon and carbon atoms if

02:33

you heat the silicon carbide up the

02:35

Silicon evaporates and what's left over

02:38

is the carbon so all these carbon

02:40

molecule atoms are sitting on that

02:42

surface and then they simply connect

02:44

together to make this sheet of graphine

02:47

I've talked about graphine a few times

02:48

on the channel but in summary it's a 2d

02:51

material made from a uniform honeycomb

02:53

lettus of carbon atoms one layer thick

02:56

its structure allows electrons to move

02:58

through it with minimal resistance and

03:00

since an electrical current is just

03:02

electrons this property makes graphine

03:04

one of the most conductive materials

03:06

known to man it's also strong light and

03:10

basically overall a Wonder material the

03:12

only problem was that up until 10 years

03:14

ago it was pretty hard to make in a

03:16

cost-effective way but fortunately

03:18

growing graphine on silicon carbide

03:21

synthesizing it VI chemical vapor

03:22

deposition and liquid phase

03:24

electromechanical exfoliation with a

03:26

three graphine manufacturing

03:27

breakthroughs that made it viable in the

03:29

the last decade and after that the

03:32

applications came through one of the

03:34

most famous of which was a graphine

03:35

charging Bank from El jet it could

03:37

charge a massive 10,000 milliamp hours

03:40

in 30 minutes five times faster than the

03:43

competition reviewers around the world

03:45

were stunned when it came out back in

03:47

2021 it also boasted five times as many

03:50

charge cycles as a regular lithium ion

03:52

battery okay so you know graphine is

03:54

cool and it has its applications but as

03:56

a transistor that makes no sense for the

03:59

technically inclined you might see that

04:01

something doesn't add up straight away

04:03

as mentioned graphine is one of the best

04:06

most efficient and most rapid conductors

04:08

known to man but a traditional

04:10

transistor is a semiconductor that means

04:12

it's not quite a conductor or an

04:14

insulator but somewhere in between a

04:17

transistor needs to fit the class of

04:19

being a semiconductor and that's because

04:21

this in between property that

04:22

semiconductors have allows them to be

04:24

manipulated to turn on and off like a

04:27

switch in other words it it has to

04:30

change between conducting and insulation

04:32

so that's the major problem for a

04:34

graphine transistor its conductivity can

04:36

never be switched off and well that

04:39

would make a pretty lousy switch the

04:41

thing is there's actually a work around

04:42

to this called band Gap engineering and

04:44

this is where the genius comes in but

04:46

first we need to understand what a band

04:48

Gap

04:50

is now I found this next part pretty

04:52

interesting so we all know that

04:54

materials are made of atoms which have a

04:56

nucleus and electrons that move around

04:58

it Rons can only be in certain discrete

05:01

layers or shells above the nucleus which

05:04

we can call

05:05

bands now imagine a ladder think about

05:08

the steps of the ladder as different

05:10

electron shells around an atom's nucleus

05:12

in a given material the lower steps are

05:15

what we call the veence band this band

05:18

is where electrons reside normally

05:19

electrons are comfortable here and they

05:21

don't want to leave now the upper steps

05:24

belong to the conduction band at this

05:26

level conduction of electricity easily

05:29

occurs when when the electrons are here

05:30

because they can just fly off now

05:33

imagine a gap between the two sections

05:35

of the ladder this Gap represents the

05:37

band Gap in an insulator this Gap is

05:40

relatively wide so it takes a lot of

05:42

effort for the electrons to get to the

05:44

conduction band so the material doesn't

05:46

conduct electricity well in contrast in

05:49

a semiconductor the band Gap is narrower

05:51

compared to an insulator electrons can

05:53

climb up but with some external energy

05:55

required this allows semiconductors to

05:57

conduct electricity under certain

05:59

conditions

06:00

in metals there's effectively no band

06:02

Gap electrons are pretty much having a

06:04

party and can move freely throughout the

06:06

material and this is why metals are good

06:08

conductors of electricity graphine is a

06:11

strange case because it conducts

06:13

electricity better than anything else

06:15

but it's not a metal so scientists

06:17

wanted to take advantage of the high

06:19

conducting benefit of graphine but also

06:21

wanted to be able to make it stop

06:23

conducting on command if this could be

06:25

done it would make for an amazing new

06:27

kind of transistor since 2008 scientists

06:31

have been trying to use band Gap

06:32

engineering to make graphine behave like

06:34

a

06:35

semiconductor they all gave it a good go

06:37

but just couldn't get the thing to work

06:39

the resulting transistors performed

06:41

poorly and were

06:47

useless Walt and the researchers

06:49

perfected an existing manufacturing

06:51

technique and managed to achieve a high

06:53

quality band Gap in graphine for the

06:55

very first time here's how it worked the

06:58

method involved heating silicon carbide

07:01

in an argon filled quartz tube inside

07:03

the tube is two silicon carbide layers

07:06

shown in green a highfrequency AC

07:08

current is run through a copper coil

07:10

around the quartz tube and this heats

07:12

the layers to 1,000° C through induction

07:15

the heat causes the Silicon which is the

07:17

white circles to evaporate and quote

07:19

leave behind a carbon Rich surface that

07:22

forms into graphine and quote and that's

07:24

shown in Black the high frequency of the

07:26

heating coil ensures even and robust

07:28

graphine deposits

07:30

the whole process is efficient with the

07:32

necessary materials like silicon carbide

07:34

and quartz tubes being relatively

07:36

inexpensive the components for the whole

07:38

setup cost

07:39

[Music]

07:41

$20 the scientists created individual

07:44

transistors that when measured and

07:45

tested outperformed current silicon

07:47

chips in speed they were also successful

07:50

in producing larger robust semiconductor

07:52

Wafers here's a quote from De quote our

07:55

research is distinct from other

07:57

approaches because we have produced

07:58

large of semiconducting SEC on a deficit

08:02

free atomically flat silicon carbide

08:04

teres silicon carbide is hardly

08:07

developed readily available electronic

08:09

material that is fully compatible with

08:11

conventional microelectronics processing

08:12

methods end quote so if all of that went

08:15

over your head what does this all mean

08:18

what's the bigger picture number one the

08:20

creation of semiconducting graphine this

08:23

most recent paper we started to figure

08:27

out how to turn graphine into a

08:29

semiconductor because natural graphine

08:32

is not a semiconductor the Georgia Tech

08:34

Team created graphine with a band Gap

08:36

meaning that this Wonder material is

08:38

finely applicable to

08:40

microelectronics number two better

08:42

computers the good thing about graphine

08:45

is not only can you make things smaller

08:48

and faster and uh with less heat

08:50

dissipation you're actually using

08:52

properties of electrons that are not

08:55

accessible in Silicon so this is really

08:57

a paradigm shift it's a different way

08:59

way I'm doing Electronics the graphine

09:01

semiconductor that was created had very

09:03

high electron mobility and this is

09:05

crucial for high frequency terahertz

09:07

range electronics and for context our

09:09

chips today operate in the gigahertz

09:11

range higher electron Mobility allows

09:14

for faster switching of transistors

09:15

which is essential for improving the

09:17

speed and efficiency of electronic

09:19

devices imagine your laptop or phone

09:21

lasting for days at a time while being

09:24

five times

09:25

faster number three simple and

09:28

cost-effective methods

09:30

this method involves standard equipment

09:32

and relatively inexpensive materials

09:34

it's also compatible with conventional

09:36

chip fabrication methods and this

09:37

compatibility is essential for

09:39

integrating into existing manufacturing

09:41

processes that means it's scalable and

09:43

economically feasible for broader

09:45

adoption in the semiconductor industry

09:47

and that's something that's pretty rare

09:48

for such research

09:50

breakthroughs number four the potential

09:53

for Quantum Computing applications the

09:55

team also noted that there's a potential

09:58

for using this High Mobility graphine in

10:00

Quantum Computing the quantum mechanical

10:02

wave properties of electrons in graphine

10:04

is much more pronounced at low

10:05

temperatures versus silicon and this

10:07

could lead to new types of quantum

10:09

devices and Computing methods and this

10:11

represents a paradigm shift from

10:13

traditional silicon-based

10:14

Electronics so with all of that being

10:16

said there is one downside that I

10:18

haven't seen reported anywhere else when

10:20

researching this the band gap for this

10:22

graphine method is 0.6 electron volts

10:25

and this is versus 1.1 electron volts

10:27

typical in Silicon so let me break down

10:29

down what that means while a smaller

10:31

band Gap could be beneficial for

10:32

applications such as a new kind of solar

10:34

panel a CPU is another case if we use

10:37

this graphine semiconductor as is in a

10:39

CPU the smaller band Gap could lead to

10:42

current leakage and this is when a

10:43

device still leaks a little bit of

10:45

current when it's supposed to be in its

10:46

off State this could increase power

10:48

consumption and heat generation undoing

10:50

some of that wonder that graphine had in

10:52

the first place but that being said it's

10:54

not a huge deal at this stage and I'm

10:56

sure that with time the band Gap number

10:58

will improve as they make refinements to

11:00

the process if there's no more hiccups

11:02

along the way this event is massive and

11:05

could change the field of computing as

11:07

we not I wish the team all the best

11:10

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12:01

now back to the video many many things

12:04

that that are possible with graphine

12:06

that are not possible with silicon you

12:07

can connect it to biological molecules

12:09

for example you can interface it with

12:11

something called molecular Electronics

12:14

uh a whole bunch of stuff like that so I

12:16

think we're looking at a whole new

12:18

landscape opening up in electronics okay

12:21

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Graphene TransistorsSemiconductor TechGeorgia TechComputing InnovationEnergy EfficiencyHigh-Speed DevicesElectronics RevolutionQuantum ComputingBand Gap EngineeringSilicon CarbideNature Journal
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