How to Write a Literature Review in 30 Minutes or Less

David Taylor
27 Mar 201717:12

Summary

TLDR本视频教程承诺教您如何在30分钟内草拟文献综述的初稿。首先,解释了文献综述的定义及其重要性,反驳了文献综述在现实世界中无用的观点。举例说明,如何通过文献综述解决实际工作中的问题,比如在人力资源管理领域内,如何决定是否实施文化多样性培训项目。视频详细介绍了完成文献综述的五个简单步骤:分离引文和摘要段落、重组段落、合并摘要、添加主题句和过渡句,以及撰写引言和结论。此外,强调了文献综述作为获取背景知识、成为某一话题专家的重要步骤。

Takeaways

  • 📚 文献综述是在开始研究之前收集背景信息的重要方式。
  • 🕒 如果你已经完成了良好的研究和准备,可以在30分钟内完成文献综述的草稿。
  • 🔍 文献综述需要你查找、整理和总结已发表的研究成果。
  • 🎓 文献综述不仅仅是学术任务,它在实际工作中也非常重要。
  • 📃 在写作文献综述之前,应该创建一个注释性参考书目。
  • 🔄 编写文献综述时,应按逻辑顺序重新排列段落。
  • 📝 每个段落应包含引用源的内文引用,并明确表明信息来源。
  • ✍️ 文献综述的写作包括添加主题句和过渡句,使段落流畅连接。
  • 🏁 文献综述的最后应包括引言段落、结论段落和参考书目。
  • 🎯 文献综述的目的是使作者在特定主题上成为专家,以便撰写更深入的分析或报告。

Q & A

  • 文献综述是什么?

    -文献综述是一种学术作业,通过整理、分析和讨论现有的研究成果,对某一主题或问题进行全面回顾,以了解该领域的研究现状和未来发展方向。

  • 为什么我们需要关心文献综述?

    -文献综述不仅是学术作业,它还帮助研究者收集背景信息,做出基于充分证据的决策或报告,对于实际工作和研究都有重要价值。

  • 如何在30分钟内完成文献综述的初稿?

    -按照提供的五个步骤(整理资料、重组段落、合并总结、添加主题句和过渡句、写作引言和结论)进行操作,如果你已经做好了充分的准备和注释参考文献,可以迅速完成文献综述的初稿。

  • 进行文献综述的第一步是什么?

    -第一步是将你的研究资料分成两部分:一部分是参考文献的引用,另一部分是包含来源信息的段落。

  • 如何确定文献综述中段落的顺序?

    -通过仔细阅读总结段落,找出它们之间的相似性和差异性,然后根据这些联系以逻辑顺序重新组织段落。

  • 文献综述的结构通常包含哪些部分?

    -文献综述的结构通常包括引言段落(含论文陈述)、主体段落(含主题句、来源总结和过渡句)以及结论段落。

  • 文献综述和原创研究有什么不同?

    -文献综述主要回顾和总结已有研究,而原创研究则是基于实验或观察提出新的发现或理论。

  • 为什么说文献综述是决策前的重要步骤?

    -文献综述通过整合现有的研究成果,帮助研究者或决策者了解某一领域的最新进展和现状,为作出明智的决策提供理论支持。

  • 如何使文献综述中的段落流畅相连?

    -通过添加强有力的主题句和过渡句,确保每个段落紧密相连,信息传递流畅无阻。

  • 完成文献综述后应该做什么?

    -在完成文献综述后,应根据收集到的信息和分析结果,撰写引言和结论段落,最后添加合适的标题和小节标题,完善文献综述的结构。

Outlines

00:00

😊文献综述的定义和重要性

这段讲述了文献综述的定义、重要性,以及文献综述可以帮助解决实际问题的一个实例。

05:01

😃文献综述的框架

这段展示了文献综述的框架,包括引文列表和内容段落两部分。强调了内容段落需要包括内部引用、指回原文的话语。

10:03

😆组织文献综述的内容

这段讲解了如何对文献综述的内容段落进行重组,找到问题-解决方案的逻辑顺序,将相近的段落组合在一起。

15:03

🤓总结文献综述的步骤

这段总结了组织文献综述的五个步骤:分离引文和内容、重组内容、合并段落、增加主题句和转折词、增加引言和结论段落。强调文献综述只是一个准备步骤,之后才是真正的写作。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡文献综述

文献综述指的是对某一主题领域已发表的文献进行总结和评价的一种学术写作。视频中解释了文献综述的目的就是让研究者在进行原创研究前,对已有研究现状有充分的了解。例如在人力资源管理领域里,需要汇总已有的文化多样性培训研究成果,然后才能给公司提出建议。

💡背景调查

在视频的案例中,人力资源管理者需要进行文化多样性培训方案的背景调查,以确定公司是否需要开展此类培训。进行背景调查是编写文献综述的第一步。通过查阅专业文献可以找到问题的已有解答。

💡组织顺序

视频提到文献综述的第二步是重新组织段落,按照逻辑顺序排列。例如案例中发现了“问题-解决方案”的模式,所以先列出定义问题的段落,然后是解决问题的策略段落。

💡段落合并

第三步是决定哪些段落可以合并。原则是关系越密切,合并的理由越充分。合并后每个段落保持在10-14行之间。

💡主题句

在第四步中,每个段落前面需要加上主题句,比如“文化多样性长期以来一直被认为是工作场所的潜在问题。” 主题句起到导入该段核心观点的作用。

💡过渡语句

除了主题句,还需要在段落之间加入过渡语句,使文献综述的各个部分衔接起来,比如“早在1996年,Find就指出了......”这种按时间顺序连接的过渡语。

💡引文

视频中使用APA格式的引文格式为:作者姓+出版年份。引文的作用是明确指出信息来源。段落中避免出现未引用的陈述。

💡框架

最后一步是加入开头段和结尾段,构成文献综述的基本框架。开头部分提出核心观点,结尾部分重新述核心观点并指出研究的不足。

💡预研

视频结尾提到文献综述只是后续研究的预研或准备工作,让研究者在这个领域成为专家,然后进行原创性研究和报告写作。

💡五步法

视频总结了编写文献综述的五步法:分离段落和引文、 reorder 排序段落、merge 合并段落、add 主题句和过渡、加入首尾段。这五步法简单易懂。

Highlights

文献综述是收集背景信息的重要方式

文献综述帮助成为主题专家

文献综述只是初步步骤,以获取知识

5个简单步骤写文献综述

步骤1:分离段落和引文

步骤2:重组段落

步骤3:合并相关段落

步骤4:添加主题句和转换

步骤5:添加简介和结论

Transcripts

00:00

[Music]

00:04

hi everyone and welcome one thing that I

00:08

promise you today is that this

00:11

presentation is going to last less than

00:13

30 minutes but I also promise you that

00:17

if you've already done good research

00:18

you've read all of your sources that you

00:21

need to on this topic you have extracted

00:24

information from them and otherwise

00:26

summarized the sources and written them

00:28

up and your summaries are and those

00:31

source citations are now in a nice

00:32

alphabetical list if you've done that

00:34

what is called annotated bibliography

00:37

and you're ready to start on this

00:39

literature review I guarantee you and if

00:42

you follow these steps I'm about to give

00:44

you you can write the rough draft of

00:47

this literature review in 30 minutes or

00:50

less but first a couple of questions

00:54

question number one what the heck is a

00:58

literature review or what the bleep is a

01:00

literature review the second question

01:03

why the bleep should I care what a

01:07

literature review is you know it seems

01:09

like we've got these stodgy professors

01:12

out there who kind of revel in the fact

01:14

that they like to give these academic

01:16

sounding assignments that really had no

01:18

validity in the real world and the

01:21

literature review things would be one of

01:22

those examples but you know what nothing

01:25

could be further from the truth and let

01:27

me show you why let's say that you just

01:30

graduated with a BS degree in human

01:34

resources management congratulations on

01:36

that GPA by the way three point eight

01:38

three and also congratulations on having

01:41

landed your first job as an

01:44

administrative manager at caliber

01:46

systems a firm with over 1,800 employees

01:51

you've definitely got room for

01:52

advancement there so everything's

01:55

looking great right now one day your

01:58

supervisor comes back from a meeting in

02:01

the C suite and has a little assignment

02:04

for you here's the assignment should

02:07

caliber systems institute a cultural

02:09

diversity training program

02:11

and if so what should that program

02:13

consist of your report which is doing

02:17

the form of a presentation in two weeks

02:19

is going to determine the future of your

02:23

job and your career at caliper systems

02:27

okay hotshot what's your next move your

02:32

next move is to go find some answers to

02:38

some very real questions those questions

02:41

being what is cultural diversity

02:44

training is it something that's gaining

02:45

acceptance in this human resources world

02:48

or is is considered a waste of money

02:50

another question one of the various

02:53

types of cultural diversity training

02:55

offered today especially in companies of

02:57

my size caliber systems and in my sector

03:00

IT consultancy third question what has

03:04

been the impacts both positive and

03:06

negative of cultural diversity training

03:08

on companies in other words before you

03:12

make a recommendation you've got to have

03:14

answers to those questions guess what I

03:16

got some good news for you the experts

03:20

have already answered all those

03:22

questions before you there are people

03:25

who get paid to answer questions like

03:28

those and publish their results all you

03:32

need to do is go find those answers the

03:36

answers that you find in the published

03:40

results are called the literature and

03:44

whenever you go and look for them that's

03:47

called a review or looking for them

03:50

oMG a literature review you've got the

03:55

right one for your job as a human

03:59

resources manager and an IT company

04:01

that's right

04:04

and more good news you can do that

04:07

literature review and five easy steps so

04:13

here's the take away a literature review

04:15

is not something that stodgy professors

04:18

assign just because they like to torture

04:19

you

04:20

literature reviews whatever you want to

04:22

call them are important ways to gather

04:25

background information before you make a

04:28

decision before you write up your report

04:31

now let's take a look at those five easy

04:35

steps and once you know them and you've

04:37

seen them Illustrated I guarantee you

04:40

that you're going to be able to write

04:41

this literature review in 30 minutes or

04:44

less when you do background research you

04:49

record the source of the information to

04:51

allow others to validate what you say

04:53

along with the details of what you found

04:55

so after completing your research you'll

04:59

have a list that look something like

05:00

this for the purposes of demonstration

05:03

we're showing only the first three items

05:06

from a much longer list in step one

05:09

you're going to strip this list into two

05:12

parts one the citations by themselves to

05:16

the paragraphs containing information

05:19

from the sources the list of citations

05:22

will look like this the list of

05:24

paragraphs will look like this save the

05:27

list of references and use it as the

05:30

last page of your literature review will

05:33

use the paragraphs as the body of your

05:35

literature review let's note three

05:38

important things about these summary

05:40

paragraphs first each paragraph at its

05:44

beginning contains an in-text citation

05:47

to its source because we're using APA

05:50

style the in-text citation consists of

05:53

the author's last name plus the year

05:56

publication in parentheses the author's

05:59

last name is outside of the parentheses

06:02

because the name is being used as a noun

06:05

in the sentence second note that the

06:08

sentences in the paragraph find a way to

06:10

refer back to the source so that the

06:12

reader knows the information is from the

06:15

source and not your own box

06:18

some examples are the author's present

06:21

and the article then there's repetition

06:26

of the author's name in the second

06:28

paragraph for solely is repeated four

06:32

times finally notice that the year of

06:35

publication only has to be repeated once

06:37

per paragraph okay congratulations on

06:41

completing step one you've taken your

06:44

basic research and produced to list a

06:47

list of citations and a list of

06:50

paragraphs now your task in step two is

06:55

to reorder the paragraphs to do this

06:58

carefully reread them as you do find

07:02

similarities and differences that will

07:04

allow you to reorganize the paragraphs

07:07

in a logical order based on the

07:09

connections you find among them during

07:12

this step keep in mind there will be no

07:16

one universally correct sequence the

07:19

best sequence is the one that you find

07:21

and apply effectively for example in our

07:25

first paragraph the annotation says the

07:28

author's studied storytelling as a way

07:31

to increase communication in a

07:34

culturally diverse workplace so this

07:37

source is presenting a strategy or a

07:40

solution for a problem let's label that

07:44

solution next is a 1996 article by fine

07:48

that calls cultural diversity in the

07:51

u.s. workplace quote perhaps the most

07:54

pressing challenge of our times

07:56

obviously we'll label this paragraph a

07:59

description of the problem next for

08:04

solely describes interviews with a West

08:06

African man that were hindered because

08:08

the two men had different attitudes

08:10

toward technology and communication for

08:13

solely underscores the need for

08:16

flexibility and understanding and

08:18

accepting how someone can be culturally

08:20

different so let's label this one

08:23

problem plus need for understanding

08:28

so a clear pattern is starting to emerge

08:31

sources that we're finding on this topic

08:33

describe is the problem or solutions to

08:37

the problem thus to complete step 2 we

08:41

will rearrange the summaries according

08:43

to this problem solution pattern that

08:46

we're seeing here are seven of the

08:48

summaries rearranged now a real that

08:51

review would have far more sources in

08:53

order to be thorough but in any case

08:55

we've imposed a clear organizational

08:59

pattern on our summaries our next step

09:02

step 3 you decide which summaries should

09:06

stand alone as a body paragraph and

09:08

which could be combined your decision

09:11

will be based on two factors factor one

09:14

how closely related the summaries are

09:17

the closer their relationship the more

09:20

reason you have to combine them factor

09:22

two is they're linked try to limit your

09:25

body paragraphs to 10 to 14 lines the

09:29

fine article can stand alone as a body

09:32

paragraph because it offers an overview

09:34

of the problem that dates back to the

09:37

previous century the next three sources

09:40

each studied a different group of

09:42

culturally diverse workers and concluded

09:45

the same thing but the three summaries

09:48

together are too long for a single

09:50

paragraph so the first two can be

09:53

grouped on the basis of geography a man

09:56

in West Africa and non-native workers in

09:59

Australia thus presenting a worldwide

10:02

problem The Sweeney in Zoo study brings

10:07

us back to the US and is long enough and

10:10

important enough to merit its own

10:12

paragraph all three studies now combined

10:16

into two paragraphs are tied together by

10:19

one theme mastery of language by itself

10:22

is not enough preparedness to deal with

10:26

cultural differences is also necessary

10:29

this need to be prepared provides a

10:32

natural transition to the last three

10:34

summaries that all discuss solutions

10:38

so the body of this literature review

10:40

will have five paragraphs one the first

10:44

body paragraph will set the stage by

10:46

defining the problem the second body

10:49

paragraph will show that the problem is

10:51

worldwide and requires preparing workers

10:55

to deal with cultural differences in

10:57

communication the third body paragraph

10:59

brings the problem home to the US and

11:02

reinforces the need for workers to be

11:04

sensitive to cultural differences the

11:07

fourth body paragraph presents two minor

11:10

solutions to the problem and the fifth

11:13

body paragraph presents an overarching

11:15

solution diversity training they can

11:18

apply to virtually any organization the

11:22

order in combination of the paragraphs

11:24

are set and now we're ready for step

11:27

four which is all about turning the

11:30

summary paragraphs into real paragraphs

11:32

by adding topic sentences and

11:35

transitions here's an example of a plain

11:38

summary paragraph as we wrote it down

11:41

after research now here is the same

11:44

paragraph with the topic sentence and

11:46

transition added let's compare them the

11:49

topic sentence cultural diversity has

11:52

long been recognized as a potential

11:55

problem in the workplace it introduces

11:58

the topic that will be discussed by the

12:00

source that comes next but a transition

12:03

phrase as far back as 1996 find stated

12:08

links the topic sentence and the source

12:11

together with the concept of time

12:15

when there's more than one source in a

12:17

paragraph a new sentence or thought

12:20

bridge but sometimes be added between

12:22

them for example here are two summary

12:25

paragraphs that we want to combine into

12:28

one we first add a topic sentence for

12:31

the two summaries both study

12:33

geographically dispersed cultures next

12:36

four so Lee's findings are presented

12:39

then a thought bridge sentence is added

12:42

to lead to the second summary and blend

12:44

them both into a smooth flowing

12:46

narrative as you see at the end of step

12:49

four you should have a series of body

12:52

paragraphs that consist of strong topic

12:55

sentences followed by source some rays

12:58

and then transitions from one summoning

13:01

to the next this review is looking

13:03

really excellent now it's ready for step

13:07

5 in step 5 the body of the literature

13:10

review gets an introduction paragraph

13:12

with pieces and a conclusion paragraph

13:16

because a literature review summarizes

13:19

the published works of others the thesis

13:22

statement should bring together the

13:23

major points discussed by the sources

13:26

and a phrase such as the following

13:29

review of literature signals to the

13:32

readers that they will be reading a

13:34

literature review not your the author's

13:37

individual claims arguments or opinions

13:41

note that the thesis statement for the

13:43

lit review also reflects the

13:46

problem-solution organizational pattern

13:48

of the paragraphs to follow one common

13:51

strategy from the conclusion paragraph

13:53

is to open with a restatement of the

13:56

thesis which brings the reader back to

13:58

the overall point another common

14:01

strategy for the conclusion is to

14:03

comment on any gaps or flaws and the

14:06

research reviewed of course no

14:09

literature review would be complete

14:11

without a title and now's the perfect

14:13

time to write it because we now know

14:15

everything that is in our lit review

14:18

cultural diversity in the workplace

14:21

overcoming barriers to communication

14:24

definitely does the job

14:26

as a further aid organization don't

14:29

forget to add subtitles between the

14:32

major sections of your lit review after

14:35

the introduction of our sample lit

14:36

review come to paragraph that discuss

14:39

the problem so our first body section

14:43

subtitle is defining the problem the

14:47

next major section presents solutions

14:50

so it's subtitle is searching for

14:53

solutions when it comes to the

14:56

conclusion don't waste an opportunity to

14:58

provide a specific subtitle that helps

15:00

to reinforce your thesis instead of just

15:03

using the neutral word conclusion note

15:06

how descriptive this subtitle for the

15:08

conclusion paragraph is preparing for

15:11

tomorrow today that takes care of step 5

15:16

and now you have a solid will organized

15:19

lit review okay there they are the five

15:24

easy steps it probably takes about as

15:27

long to explain them in illustrate them

15:29

than it would be to actually do them

15:31

let's review them quickly step number

15:33

one separate those paragraph summaries

15:36

from the citations save the citations

15:39

for your reference page and then you're

15:41

going to turn those paragraph summaries

15:43

into your literature review and in doing

15:46

that the first thing you're going to do

15:47

is to rearrange those paragraph

15:50

summaries and a logical order that

15:52

presents itself to you as you reread

15:54

them the third step is then to combine

15:57

whatever summaries need to be combined

15:59

and then the fourth step is to add in

16:02

those really important topic sentences

16:04

and transitions so that they read

16:07

together smoothly and then add your

16:10

introduction and conclusion paragraphs

16:13

and you got yourself a literature review

16:16

one last thing I want you to keep in

16:19

mind about a literature review is that

16:21

the literature review is only a

16:23

preliminary step in other words it's

16:26

something that you do to gather

16:28

background knowledge to kind of bring

16:31

yourself up to date to the state of the

16:34

art so that you know exactly what is

16:37

going on before

16:38

and what's taking place right now you're

16:40

the expert so you use the literature

16:43

review to make yourself the expert on

16:45

that topic and once you've got all that

16:47

background knowledge then you can write

16:49

about it then you can write your thesis

16:51

then you can write your argument ative

16:54

report then you can do your presentation

16:57

because you have made yourself an expert

17:00

via the literature review okay thanks

17:04

very much for watching the presentation

17:05

and I wish you the very best of luck on

17:08

your literature review