Addition and Subtraction of Small Numbers
Summary
TLDR教授戴夫解释了加法和减法的基本概念。他指出数学源自于人类早期的语言和符号,用于描述周围的世界。数学起初很简单,随着时间推移变得复杂。加法表示两个数字的和,而减法则表示两个数字的差。通过举例说明,他介绍了这些运算的基本性质,如加法的交换律和结合律,并强调了理解数学符号背后实际意义的重要性,帮助学习者更好地掌握数学的实用性。
Takeaways
- 📚 数学起源于简单的计数和符号,用于交流思想和描述环境。
- 🚀 数学的发展是必要的,并且至今仍在继续,尽管现代数学的前沿领域对许多人来说可能很抽象。
- 🔢 人类最早发展的数学类型是算术,它涉及计数和代表计数的符号。
- 👶 计数和算术的需要随着文明的形成和贸易的开始而产生,用于跟踪库存和定价商品。
- 👋 我们基于十进制的计数系统源于我们习惯于用手指计数,尽管也有基于二十或六十的系统。
- 🍎 加法是最基本的算术运算,代表两个数字的组合,形成一个单一的数字或和。
- 🍏 减法是加法的逆运算,它不是找到两个数字的和,而是找到它们的差。
- 🔄 加法具有交换性,即加数的顺序不影响结果。
- 🔄 加法还具有结合性,即连续两次加法的执行顺序不影响最终结果。
- 🚫 减法不具有交换性和结合性,减数的顺序和组合方式会影响结果。
- 🌐 数学符号,无论多么复杂,都具有具体的含义,它们根植于物理世界。
- 💡 理解数学结构代表的实际意义,可以帮助我们认识到它们的实用性和力量。
Q & A
数学的起源是什么?
-数学起源于我们的语言,是一套帮助我们沟通思想和描述周围环境的模型和符号。
为什么数学在今天变得如此复杂?
-数学在过去几百年里变得极其复杂,这是因为所有现有的、有时困难的数学都必须被学习,以便人们能够对数学领域做出贡献。
人类最早发展的数学类型是什么?
-人类最早发展的数学类型无疑是算术。
为什么我们使用十进制系统?
-我们使用十进制系统是因为我们习惯用十个手指计数,尽管十这个数字是完全任意的。
加法是什么?
-加法是最基础的算术运算,它代表两个数字的组合,形成一个单一的数字或和。
如何用数学符号表示加法?
-我们会把数字2,然后是加号或加号符号,接着是数字3,后面是等号,最后是数字5。
减法是什么?
-减法是加法的逆运算,它不是找到两个数字的和,而是找到它们的差。
如何用数学符号表示减法?
-我们可以写一个方程,上面是数字5,然后是减号符号,接着是一个1,然后是等号,最后是数字4。
加法有哪些数学属性?
-加法是交换律的,即加数的顺序不重要。加法也是结合律的,即连续两次加法的执行顺序不重要。
减法有哪些数学属性?
-减法不是交换律的,减数的顺序很重要。减法也不是结合律的,连续两次减法的执行顺序会影响结果。
数学符号是如何与现实世界联系的?
-无论数学符号看起来多么抽象,它们都与现实世界有联系,即使这种联系不如加号那样直接。
这个系列的目标是什么?
-这个系列的目标是使所有其他数学运算像加法和减法一样易于理解,一旦你深刻理解了数学结构的代表意义,它们就不再显得任意和令人恼火,而是变得强大,因为它们的实用性变得明显。
Outlines
📚 数学的基础:加法和减法
Professor Dave 在本段中介绍了数学的起源和发展,强调数学最初是作为语言的一部分,通过模型和符号帮助我们沟通和描述周围环境。他提到,尽管数学在几百年的时间里变得极其复杂,但基础数学,如算术,是文明发展的必要工具。算术包括计数、表示数字的符号,以及用于处理数字的方法。Dave 教授解释了十进制系统的选择,尽管它是任意的,但它在我们的逻辑中根深蒂固。接着,他介绍了加法和减法的基本操作,包括它们的定义、数学表示以及如何通过这些操作解决实际问题。
🔢 数字的性质和运算规则
在第二段中,Professor Dave 讨论了加法和减法的一些基本性质。他指出加法具有交换律和结合律,即加数的顺序和组合方式不影响结果。然而,减法不具有这些性质,因为被减数和减数的顺序对结果有影响。Dave 教授还提到,尽管数学符号可能看起来抽象,但它们都有实际的物理世界根源。他的目标是使其他数学运算像加法和减法一样易于理解。最后,他强调了理解数学构造的重要性,因为理解它们代表的实际意义可以使数学看起来更有用而不是令人困惑。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡数学
💡算术
💡加法
💡减法
💡数轴
💡交换律
💡结合律
💡非交换律
💡非结合律
💡数学符号
💡数学抽象
Highlights
数学并非一开始就是一系列看似随意的运算,旨在迷惑和挫败学生。
数学的理解在过去几百年变得极其复杂。
数学起源于语言的一部分,是帮助我们沟通思想和描述环境的模型和符号。
数学创新因需求而产生,并且仍然如此。
今天的数学前沿位于抽象领域,很少有人能理解。
算术是人类最早发展的数学类型。
计数后不久,人类需要符号来代表计数数字,以及操作这些数字的方法。
文明形成后,我们需要能够跟踪库存,适当地定价物品。
许多计数系统基于十进制,尽管也有基于二十或六十的系统。
我们今天使用的数字系统基于十,这个数字是完全任意的。
加法是最基本的算术运算,代表两个数字的组合。
减法是加法的逆运算,它不是找到两个数字的和,而是它们的差。
加法是交换律的,即加数的顺序不重要。
减法不是交换律的,被减数和减数的顺序很重要。
加法也是结合律的,即连续两次加法的执行顺序不重要。
减法不是结合律的,连续减法的顺序会影响结果。
无论我们选择数学的哪个方向,无论方程看起来多么复杂,我们必须记住这些符号都有具体的含义。
本系列的目标之一是使所有其他数学运算像加法和减法一样易于理解。
Transcripts
Hey it’s Professor Dave; let’s talk about addition and subtraction.
As we have just come to understand, math never started out as a bunch of seemingly arbitrary
operations meant to confuse and frustrate students.
It is simply that our understanding of math has become extremely sophisticated over the
past few hundred years, and the fact that all of this existing and sometimes difficult
math must be learned before anyone can contribute to the field is what is responsible for the
way that so many people despise this subject.
But let’s remember that math began very simply as part of our language, a set of models
and symbols that helped us to communicate ideas and describe our surroundings.
Mathematical innovations arose by necessity, and they still do, it’s simply that the
frontier of today’s math lies in an abstract place that very few can understand.
By the end of this series, maybe we can all get there, but for now, let’s start at the
very beginning.
What was the first kind of math that was developed by the human race?
That would undoubtedly be arithmetic.
Shortly after humans were able to count, we needed symbols to represent those counting
numbers, as well as methods to manipulate those numbers in ways that represent real-life
concepts.
How many people are in the tribe?
Two kids were just born, how many are there now?
How many years has the tribe’s wisest elder been alive?
Once civilizations formed and we began to trade goods with one another, we needed to
be able to keep track of inventory, price items appropriately, and so forth.
How many apples are in the basket?
How many do you want, and how many are now left?
Being that we like to count on our fingers, and we have ten of them, many counting systems
were based on a system of ten.
There were others based on twenty, or even sixty, but the one we use today is based on
ten, so rather than diving into the anthropology of arithmetic, let’s keep our study focused
on what can be readily applied.
Presently, our conceptualization of the number ten as the basis for our numerical system
is so ingrained in our collective logic that we sometimes forget that this number is completely
arbitrary.
If we had only eight fingers, things would be totally different.
But ten is what we went with, and it works just fine.
Getting back to the apples, the basic operations we will learn first are addition and subtraction.
Addition is the most basic arithmetic operation, and it represents the combination of two numbers
to become a single number, or a sum.
If you get two apples from one vendor, and then three from another, how many apples did
you get?
Of course we can easily count the resulting pile and see that there are five.
But how do we represent this mathematically?
Using the symbols that are common of today, we would put the number two, then the addition
or plus symbol, and then the number three, followed by an equals sign and then the number
five.
This is an equation, which is a statement of equality.
The expression on the left is numerically equivalent with the expression on the right.
This particular equation reads, “two plus three equals five”, with the word plus essentially
meaning “and”, and the equals sign meaning “is”.
Two and three is five, so five is the sum of this additive operation.
The next operation that became necessary was subtraction, which is the inverse, or opposite
of addition, in that it doesn’t find the sum of two numbers, it finds their difference.
You bring all five of your apples home and you eat one of them.
If one apple has been subtracted, how many are left?
Again, it is easy to count and see that there are four left.
But this result can also be calculated, which is much different from counting.
We can write another equation with a five, then the minus symbol, followed by a one,
then the equals sign, and the number four.
This reads, “five minus one equals four”, which essentially means five less one is four,
so four is the difference between one and five.
On a number line, this is the distance between the two numbers, and this is an excellent
way to visualize subtraction.
Fourteen minus eleven is three, because three is the difference between the two numbers.
It takes three to get from eleven to fourteen.
Now that we have become familiar with the symbolic representation of these simple operations,
we should discuss some applicable properties of numbers.
Addition is commutative, in that the order in which numbers are added does not matter.
Two plus three equals five, and three plus two also equals five.
Subtraction is not commutative.
It does indeed matter which number is being subtracted from the other.
Three minus two is not the same as two minus three.
Addition is also associative.
This means that if performing two successive additions, the order in which they are performed
does not matter.
Two plus three plus four will be nine no matter which numbers we add first.
We can add the first two to get five, and then add that to four, or we can add the latter
two to get seven, and then add that to two.
The result is the same.
Subtraction is not associative.
If we write down five minus three minus two, we could do five minus three first.
That gives us two, and subtracting the other two, we get zero.
If instead we do the three minus two first, we get one, and five minus one is four.
So we can see that subtraction is not associative.
We will learn all about the order of operations later, as well as other ways in which these
kinds of properties become less obvious yet very important.
No matter how far we choose to go with math, and no matter how complicated equations appear
to be, with symbols like square roots and logarithms and integrals, we must always remember
that these symbols mean something concrete.
They are rooted in the physical world, even if in a way that is more difficult to immediately
conceptualize than the plus symbol.
One goal of this series will be to make all the other mathematical operations as intelligible
and relatable as addition and subtraction.
Once you intimately understand what mathematical constructs represent, they no longer seem
arbitrary and infuriating, but instead powerful, as their utility becomes apparent.
So let’s move forward and learn some more arithmetic, but first, let’s check comprehension.
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